Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945 http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/ en Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7183 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" hreflang="en">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 10/05/2021 - 10:04</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Evaluate the purpose of Beauvoir as a museum.</div> <div class="field__item">Discuss the historical memory of Confederate veterans in modern America.</div> <div class="field__item">Compare the efforts to serve Confederate veterans with that of newly emancipated Black Mississippians.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{183}" paraid="634960516"><em>US History: Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{189}" paraid="1777250632">8.10.2 - Trace the economic changes in the post- Civil War South, including: Lincoln’s Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Johnson’s Plan, Radical Reconstruction. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{196}" paraid="1882053982"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{202}" paraid="1585169115">MS.6.3 - Detail the effects of the Civil War on Mississippi’s economy. </p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{209}" paraid="1729992780">MS.6.5 - Examine the lasting cultural effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Mississippi. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{216}" paraid="2034923893"><em>US Government  </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="14" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{228}" paraid="756766087">USG.1.1 - Evaluate the fundamental worth and dignity of the individual. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{235}" paraid="719026020"><em>Problems in American Democracy </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="15" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{243}" paraid="1282980508">PAD.5.1 - Describe the economic characteristics of the North and South in the early-to-mid-nineteenth century that contributed to sectional political conflict. </p> </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{3}" paraid="632967240">The teacher will explain how, when, and where monuments, memorials, and museums have been used to educate and eternalize the Civil War. The placement of these symbols is important and should be evaluated. However, it is vital to remember that people fought the Civil War. Each living being possesses an inherent dignity. Reasons for service differed tremendously. However, a significant amount of life was lost and communities were forced to begin the difficult work of binding wounds, some doing a better job than others.  </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{20}" paraid="932269675">Students will collectively read the <a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Jefferson David Soldier Home">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir </a>article aloud. </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{31}" paraid="97209469">The teacher will remind students the Confederacy had a clearly stated purpose for secession and eventual war as stated in the <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_missec.asp" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi statement of secession</a>: “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery--the greatest material interest of the world.”  </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{43}" paraid="255221707">The teacher will explain that those who fought for the Confederacy should be held accountable for their support of a power structure that defended the enslavement of Black people. How should accountability impact need-based assistance due to injury of war? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{54}" paraid="2117704804">The teacher will facilitate a discussion on the questions below. Teachers should determine which set of questions best suite their students age and ability level.   <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{64}" paraid="826876812">Middle School:  <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{71}" paraid="324028683">What needs might soldiers returning from war have? (Medical care, food assistance, shelter, employment, etc.) </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{78}" paraid="621784312">Who should meet those needs and how might they be met? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{85}" paraid="745931686">Would one’s decision to fight to support the enslavement of Black people disqualify them from receiving assistance? Why or why not? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{92}" paraid="1094321433">Can we disagree with people at deep levels and still care for them? Why or why not? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{99}" paraid="1017135168">How can we practice caring for human dignity, especially when we strongly disagree? </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{106}" paraid="501999182">High School:   <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{113}" paraid="451325476">Beauvoir became a haven for aging and impoverished Confederate veterans. No matter the individual positions, each fought to protect a power structure that supported race-based chattel slavery. How should we view the material need for these families alongside the system they served? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{120}" paraid="439042711">Is it possible to object to the personal views and decisions of Confederate veterans and care for their physical wellbeing? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{127}" paraid="1828944878">How do we engage this topic without dehumanizing people we disagree with strongly? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{134}" paraid="1774908234">A significant amount of effort was contributed to convert Beauvoir into a home for needy Confederate veterans. What if the same energy and effort had been employed to aid newly emancipated Black people? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{141}" paraid="1366340949">What purpose should Beauvoir have today?  </li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://beauvoirveteranproject.org/" target="_blank">Beauvoir Veterans Project </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" target="_blank">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home article, one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 05 Oct 2021 15:04:16 +0000 alanwheat 7183 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov German Prisoners of War, 1943 - 1946 Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7181 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">German Prisoners of War, 1943 - 1946 Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/german-prisoners-of-war-in-mississippi-1943-1946" hreflang="en">German Prisoners of War in Mississippi, 1943-1946</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 09/29/2021 - 13:51</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Evaluate the purpose and role in maintaining World War II POW camps.</div> <div class="field__item">Compare the treatment of German POWs to that of Black Mississippians.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{157}" paraid="11972315"><em>US History: 1877 to Present </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="5" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{163}" paraid="1805876111">US.7 - Examine the nation’s role in World War II and the impacts on domestic affairs </p> </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item">Students will individually read the German Prisoners of War in Mississippi, 1943-1946 article. </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol role="list" start="1"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Calibri" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{205}" paraid="738692707">The teacher will open the activity by addressing the brutality of war.  Though it may be difficult, it is essential to maintain the humanity of all soldiers so that life may be preserved. Today’s lesson will focus on the German POW's encampments in the US. </p> </li> </ol><ol role="list" start="2"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{212}" paraid="1254620644">Students will be placed into two groups to rotate throughout the activity to various stations. The teacher should place students into groups to save time.  </p> </li> </ol><ol role="list" start="3"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-font="Calibri" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{219}" paraid="610583489">Students will watch the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM6CzrQ2_BM" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">KCENNews: World War II POW Camps in America</a> story covering one of the few existing POW camps in central Texas.  </p> </li> </ol><ol role="list" start="4"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-font="Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{231}" paraid="1591592983">Students will spend 10-15 minutes at each station (depending on available class time), each station being designed to address an individual subtopic of our previously read article. </p> <ul><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-font="Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{231}" paraid="1591592983">Station One: Students will write a 100-word reflection on the purpose and reasoning for maintaining POW camps, like the one mentioned in the video. Should Mississippi have maintain the POW facilities within the state and why? </p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="2" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="Calibri" data-leveltext="%2." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{e721cd6f-00c7-4767-b081-5d82af5004c5}{253}" paraid="361736655">Station Two: Students at this station will focus on discussing the treatment of POWs in Mississippi and their standard of living compared to that of Black Mississippians. Students may use the “U.S. adheres to Geneva Conventions” section of the German Prisoners of War, 1943-1946 article for reference. </p> <ul><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="3" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif" data-leveltext="%3." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{9ca2561d-0380-4fca-8e3f-388200d12a6b}{11}" paraid="1402080107">Were White German POWs treated better than Black Mississippians?  </p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="3" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif" data-leveltext="%3." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{9ca2561d-0380-4fca-8e3f-388200d12a6b}{11}" paraid="1402080107"><span style="font-size: 1rem;">German POWs received regular food, shelter, safety, and other amenities that were not guaranteed to many poor White and Black Mississippians. What can we learn from the treatment of impoverished Mississippians compared to these German POWs? </span></p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="3" data-aria-posinset="3" data-font="Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif" data-leveltext="%3." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{9ca2561d-0380-4fca-8e3f-388200d12a6b}{27}" paraid="1025952791">Mississippi’s Jim Crow laws repressed Black Mississippians to a second-class status. Compare what you know about the challenges of being a Black Mississippian during the 1940s with the conditions of German POW camps. </p> </li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="5" data-font="Calibri, Calibri_MSFontService, sans-serif" data-leveltext="%1." data-listid="10" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{9ca2561d-0380-4fca-8e3f-388200d12a6b}{36}" paraid="1909039078">Students will then reflect on their engagement with the material as a class. The teacher should facilitate adequate space for students to debrief and communicate group ideas to the whole class. </p> </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/german-pows-on-the-american-homefront-141009996/" target="_blank">Smithsonian: German POWs on the American Homefront</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/struggle-north-africa-1940-43" target="_blank">National Army Museum: The struggle for North Africa, 1940-43</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/22" hreflang="en">Military</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/german-prisoners-of-war-in-mississippi-1943-1946" target="_blank">German Prisoners of War in Mississippi, 1943-1946, one copy per student </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/struggle-north-africa-1940-43" target="_blank">National Army Museum: The struggle for North Africa, 1940-43, one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 29 Sep 2021 18:51:57 +0000 alanwheat 7181 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Political Career of John Sharp Williams Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7180 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Political Career of John Sharp Williams Lesson Plan </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/john-sharp-williams" hreflang="en">The Political Career of John Sharp Williams (1854-1932)</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/24/2021 - 14:33</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Identify the political career of Senator John Sharp Williams. </div> <div class="field__item">Examine Senator Williams’s position on key legislative measures such as the 18th and 19th Amendments to the Constitution. </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{143}" paraid="134429823"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{149}" paraid="1661902958"> MS.4.4 - Analyze government and political influences throughout the state of Mississippi. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{158}" paraid="1527269445"><em>US History: 1877 to Present </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{164}" paraid="1777250632">US.3.2 - Trace the development of political, social, and cultural movements and subsequent reforms, including:  Jim Crow laws, Plessy vs. Ferguson, women’s suffrage, temperance  movement, Niagara movement, public education,  the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Marcus Garvey. </li> <li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{171}" paraid="1778874642">US.3.4 - Trace national legislation resulting from and affecting  the Progressive Movement, including: the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act. </li> <li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{178}" paraid="74843851">US.5.7 - Debate the causes and effects of the social change and conflict between traditional and modern culture that took place during the 1920s, including: the role of women, the Red Scare, immigration quotas, Prohibition, and the Scopes trial. </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"> Students will individually read &quot;The Political Career of John Sharp Williams (1854-1932)&quot; article. </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{cffc9db0-aab3-4bff-94ee-2aae1fc45bf0}{236}" paraid="738692707">The teacher will explain that members of the United States Congress are tasked with the responsibility to represent the people. Every legislative vote is important; however, some weigh more heavily on society than others (i.e. Civil Rights Act of 1964). Senator John Sharp Williams of Mississippi recorded votes on many pieces of legislation, two being the 18th and 19th Amendments to the Constitution.   </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{36}" paraid="496301150">The teacher will ask students to share opinions on Senator Williams’s voting decisions on each of the amendments.   <ul><li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{47}" paraid="931799757">Why would Williams vote in favor of Prohibition if he was opposed to the idea making alcoholic beverages illegal? </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{62}" paraid="52996375">Would Williams have been justified to vote his conscience on Prohibition, even if his constituents disagreed? </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{71}" paraid="1447629959">What does Williams vote in opposition to the 19th Amendment communicate about his views of African Americans, specifically Black women? </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{82}" paraid="152520816">The teacher will organize students into pairs. Each group is responsible for creating a Google Slide presentation on a portion of John Sharp Williams’s career (Early Life, House Representative, Senator, 18th Amendment, 19th Amendment, and Retirement). The presentation must be at least 8 slides.  </li> <li paraeid="{7228dd74-1dd2-4d45-a088-1b2d5655f0bf}{137}" paraid="705578463">Time permitting, each group will present their presentation to the classroom. </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/black-women-and-the-fight-for-voting-rights.htm" target="_blank">Between Two Worlds: Black Women and the Fight for Voting Rights</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/prohibition/" target="_blank">Mississippi Encyclopedia: Prohibition</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/john-sharp-williams/" target="_blank">Mississippi Encyclopedia: John Sharp Williams</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://apnews.com/article/mississippi-jackson-local-governments-united-states-tate-reeves-390ce272932377cd6c1735da927d1e43" target="_blank">AP News: 90 years later, Prohibition officially ending in Mississippi</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/15" hreflang="en">Governors and Senators</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/303/john-sharp-williams" target="_blank">&quot;The Political Career of John Sharp Williams,&quot; one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Sep 2021 19:33:08 +0000 alanwheat 7180 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7178 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/farmers-without-land-the-plight-of-white-tenant-farmers-and-sharecroppers" hreflang="en">Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/24/2021 - 14:22</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Distinguish tenant farming and sharecropping </div> <div class="field__item">Analyze the racial implications of tenant farming and sharecropping </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Earbuds/headphones </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{139}" paraid="1266613859"><em>Seventh Grade Compacted - US History from Exploration to Reconstruction/ Civics and the World </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{145}" paraid="1271865418">7C.15.2. - Trace the economic changes in the post-Civil War South, including: Lincoln’s Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Johnson’s Plan, Radical Reconstruction. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{152}" paraid="560674990">7C.15.3 - Distinguish the roles of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments in expanding liberty.  </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{159}" paraid="1661902958">7C15.4 - Examine the Southern resistance to Reconstruction reforms, including: Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, Ku Klux Klan, etc. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{166}" paraid="1346216340"><em>Eighth Grade: US History Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{172}" paraid="1869774619">8.10.2 - Trace the economic changes in the post- Civil War South, including: Lincoln’s Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Johnson’s Plan, Radical Reconstruction.  </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{179}" paraid="393781130">8.10.3 - Distinguish the roles of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments in expanding liberty.  </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{186}" paraid="1778874642">8.10.4 - Examine the Southern resistance to Reconstruction reforms, including: Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, Ku Klux Klan, etc. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{193}" paraid="1629969444"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{199}" paraid="555579554">MS.6.3 - Detail the effects of the Civil War on Mississippi’s economy. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{206}" paraid="1961103329">MS.7.2 - Trace the changes in Mississippi’s economy and technology in the decades following Reconstruction. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{213}" paraid="626617696">MS.9.4 - Analyze the current trends and historic record of poverty and wealth distribution in Mississippi. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{220}" paraid="1823658856"><em>US History: 1877 to Present </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{226}" paraid="559196020">US.1.2 - Compare the changing role of the American farmer, including: establishment of the Granger movement and the Populist Party and agrarian rebellion over currency issues. </li> <li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{237}" paraid="328819536">US.6.3 - Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including: the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering, achieving economic recovery, and promoting organized labor. </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{7b016fd4-9763-4494-aea8-486fe035ff7d}{254}" paraid="1124700466">The teacher will overview the economic instability for most people in the antebellum and postbellum South. Though some of the world’s wealthiest planters lived in the southern region, most people lived in poverty, White and Black. It is important to note that the poverty of 19th and 20th century African Americans is a direct result of enslavement. Many of those effects linger today. This activity will compare the postbellum experiences of the two. </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{48}" paraid="934048420">Students will individually read "Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers" article. </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{59}" paraid="738692707">Students will respond to the following discussion questions in groups of two and three. Afterward, each group will summarize their discussion to the class.  <ul><li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{70}" paraid="912885528">What distinguishes sharecropping from tenant farming? </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{77}" paraid="730235018">How might race impact whether an individual is a tenant farmer or sharecropper? </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{84}" paraid="86066254">Why did the crop-lien system limit economic mobility? </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{91}" paraid="1331604585">What were the consequences of the Agricultural Adjustment Act? </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{98}" paraid="1807759441">Each group will then view the short videos on <a href="https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">PBS: Slavery By Another Name – Sharecropping</a>.  </li> <li paraeid="{407ba725-7417-439b-9ddf-b7f0aa2ca304}{114}" paraid="300693305">Employing the information provided by PBS: Slavery By Another Name and "Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers," students will complete a reflection writing assignment comparing the racial implications for tenant farmers and sharecroppers. Students are encouraged to use the discussion questions above to guide their writing.  </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/16" hreflang="en">Economic history</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/21" hreflang="en">Industry and Agriculture</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/228/farmers-without-land-the-plight-of-white-tenant-farmers-and-sharecroppers" target="_blank">&quot;Farmers Without Land&quot;, one copy per student </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/sharecropping/" target="_blank">PBS: Slavery By Another Name - Sharecropping</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Sep 2021 19:22:19 +0000 alanwheat 7178 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/burnita-shelton-matthews-suffragist-feminist-judicial-pioneer-lesson-plan <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 08/29/2017 - 13:04</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Overview</h2> <p>On December 28, 1894, Burnita Shelton Matthews was born into an educated, civic-minded family, in Copiah County, Mississippi. Although she aspired from a very young age to pursue a legal career, her father insisted that she pursue the study and teaching of music which he believed was a more ladylike profession. Following her marriage to Percy A. Matthews, she taught music for a short while in Georgia before moving to Washington, D.C. to accept a job with the Veterans Administration. She strategically chose to live and work in Washington, D.C. so that she could pursue a law degree at one of the few law schools that would accept women at the time, the National University Law School. While in law school, Matthews became involved with the National Women’s Party’s suffrage movement. Upon graduation, she operated a legal practice in Washington, D.C., and she continued her work with the <span class="caps">NWP</span> as head of their Legal Research Department. In 1949, President Harry S. Truman nominated Matthews to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. She became the first woman ever appointed to a federal trial court and only the second woman ever appointed to a federal constitutional court. After a long career on the bench, Matthews died of a stroke in 1988. Her headstone in the Shelton Family Cemetery in Copiah County marks her contribution to women in American society. Her epitaph notes that she was the first woman to become a U. S. district court judge and the “author of laws advancing the status of women.”</p> <h2>Curricular Connections</h2> <h4><em>US History: 1877 to Present</em></h4> <ul><li>US.3.2 - Trace the development of political, social, and cultural movements and subsequent reforms, including: Jim Crow laws, Plessy vs. Ferguson, women’s suffrage, temperance movement, Niagara movement, public education, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Marcus Garvey.</li> </ul><h2>Teaching Level</h2> <p>Grades 7 through 12</p> <h2>Materials/Equipment</h2> <ul><li>Mississippi History Now article, <a href="/issue/burnita-shelton-matthews-suffragist-feminist-judicial-pioneer" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer.</a></li> <li><a href="/sites/default/files/files/BurnitaMatthewsWorksheet.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Burnita Shelton Lesson Chart</a></li> <li>Computer (optional)</li> <li>Unlined paper for timelines</li> <li>Paper for essays</li> </ul><h2>Objectives</h2> <p>The students will:</p> <ol><li>Construct a timeline of events in the life of Burnita Shelton Matthews.</li> <li>Analyze the life of Burnita Shelton Matthews.</li> <li>Compose an essay about the role Burnita Shelton Matthews played in furthering the rights of women.</li> </ol><h2>Opening the Lesson</h2> <p>After displaying the term on the board, the teacher will ask the students to define the term “pioneer.” After a class discussion about the term, the teacher will tell the class that they will study about Burnita Shelton Matthews, who was a suffragist, feminist, lawyer, and judge. The teacher will tell the students that through their study, they will determine how she was a pioneer in the fight for female suffrage and equal rights for women.</p> <h2>Developing the Lesson</h2> <ol><li>While reading the Mississippi History Now article, “Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer,” students will take notes on the major events in her life.</li> <li>Working with a partner, the students will use their notes to construct a timeline listing at least ten major events in the life of Burnita Shelton Matthews.</li> <li>The teacher will ask student volunteers to share events from their timeline with the class. The teacher will facilitate a discussion about major events in the life of Burnita Shelton Matthews as student volunteers share their timeline information.</li> <li>Next, the teacher will ask the students to revisit the events in the life of Judge Matthews to determine the obstacles/challenges she faced in pursuit of her goals. The students should also consider the personal characteristics she possessed to overcome these obstacles/challenges. The students can work alone or with a partner on this portion of the lesson. The chart in the materials list can be provided to the students to record information about Judge Matthews. Once the students complete the charts, the teacher will discuss information from the charts with the class.</li> <li>Again, with the option of working alone or with a partner, the students will write an essay about the life of Burnita Shelton Matthews. The focus of the student essay will be the following: Burnita Shelton Matthews was a pioneer in furthering opportunities for women in American society.</li> </ol><h2>Closing the Lesson</h2> <p>The teacher will ask the students the following questions:</p> <ol><li>How was Burnita Shelton Matthews a pioneer for furthering the rights of women?</li> <li>What do you find most fascinating about her life?</li> <li>Are there any connections between her life and yours?</li> <li>What do you think Judge Matthews would say about the roles of women in society today?</li> </ol><p>The students can discuss answers to the questions above with the class or individually on paper.</p> <h2>Assessing Student Learning</h2> <ul><li>Class participation</li> <li>Chart</li> <li>Essay</li> </ul><h2>Enrichment</h2> <ul><li>Conduct research on the National Woman’s Party (<span class="caps">NWP</span>).</li> <li>Conduct research on the suffragettes, the Nineteenth Amendment, and/or the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.</li> <li>Conduct research on other Mississippi women who held local, state, or national leadership roles.</li> <li>The teacher can use other Mississippi History Now articles such as “Mississippi Women and the Woman Suffrage Amendment” to create a unit on women in Mississippi history.</li> <li>Trace the changes in the roles, rights, and opportunities of women in American society.</li> </ul><p><em>Karla Smith is the Social Studies Department Chair at Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College’s Jefferson Davis Campus.</em></p> <h2>Other Mississippi History Now articles:</h2> <p><a href="/issue/the-equal-rights-amendment-and-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Equal Rights Amendment and Mississippi</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/mississippi-women-and-the-woman-suffrage-amendment" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi Women and the Woman Suffrage Amendment</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/lucy-somerville-howorth-lawyer-politician-and-feminist" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Lucy Somerville Howorth: Lawyer, Politician, and Feminist</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/betsy-love-and-the-mississippi-married-womens-property-act-of-1839" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Betsy Love, and the Married Women’s Property Act</a><br />  </p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Karla Smith</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/burnita-shelton-matthews-suffragist-feminist-judicial-pioneer" hreflang="en">Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Aug 2017 18:04:15 +0000 usnext 7162 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/burnita-shelton-matthews-suffragist-feminist-judicial-pioneer <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 08/29/2017 - 12:31</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> August 2017 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Kathanne W. Greene <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Burnita Shelton was one of six children, and the only daughter, born on December 28, 1894, to Burnell Shelton and Lora Drew (Barlow) Shelton. She was part of an educated, civic-minded family. Her mother was a graduate of Whitworth College, a boarding school for young women in Brookhaven, Mississippi, and her father was a planter, cattleman, and also an elected official serving at various times as sheriff and tax collector of Copiah County and as the clerk of the chancery court.</p> <h2>A passion for law</h2> <p>From a young age, Burnita Shelton accompanied her father along the campaign trail and to the courthouse where he worked. Unsurprisingly, she announced to her family that she felt at home in the courthouse and wanted to pursue a legal career. Her father, however, pushed her toward the study and teaching of music which he believed was a more ladylike profession. In 1915, he sent her to the prestigious Cincinnati Conservatory of Music, where she received a teaching certificate. However, she was never dissuaded from her ultimate dream to become a lawyer. While studying for her teaching certificate in Ohio, she wrote to her relatives and asked that they send her law books to read. Hoping to discourage her, they sent her the most boring books they could find. Their efforts failed.</p> <p>Against her family’s wishes, Burnita married Percy A. Matthews in 1917, a young man she had known in high school. Percy was planning to join the U. S. war effort in World War I. Almost immediately after the marriage, he enlisted and left to fight in Europe as a pilot. Burnita Shelton Matthews then lived independently, supporting herself by teaching music in a small town in Georgia. However, she later moved to Washington, D. C. to work with the Veterans Administration. She purposely chose to live in the nation’s capital because it held three of the very few law schools that would accept women at the time. When her father learned of her plans to enroll, he offered to pay for her law school tuition. She rejected his offer, and instead, worked during the day to put herself through National University Law School at night. Matthews graduated with an LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws) degree in 1919 and L.L.M. (Master of Laws) and Master of Patent Law degrees in 1920.</p> <h2>National Woman’s Party</h2> <p>While in law school, Matthews became involved with the National Woman’s Party (<span class="caps">NWP</span>), a women’s suffrage organization formed in 1916 following a split with the National American Woman’s Suffrage Association, the main women’s suffragist organization in the nation at the time. The <span class="caps">NWP</span>, led by Alice Paul, preferred the use of more direct and forceful tactics to achieve passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, including picketing and protesting by women holding large cloth banners emblazoned with suffragette messages.</p> <p>Although her <span class="caps">NWP</span> activities were limited to weekend picketing at the White House, Matthews continued to work with the <span class="caps">NWP</span> after the amendment’s passage and her graduation from law school. Throughout the 1920s, she headed up the NWP’s Legal Research Department. This department engaged in a decade-long project of identifying legal discriminations against women throughout various state laws. Consequently, states passed several pieces of legislation drafted by Matthews, which helped to remove the disqualification of women as jurors in the District of Columbia, eliminate the preference of men over women within the laws governing the right to inherit property and wealth in Arkansas, the District of Columbia, and New York, gave female teachers in Maryland and New Jersey equal pay with men teachers for equal work and allowed married women in South Carolina to sue and be sued without their husband’s permission. During this time, Matthews also assisted Alice Paul, head of the <span class="caps">NWP</span>, in creating the original version of the Equal Rights Amendment (<span class="caps">ERA</span>), which sought to remove all legal distinctions between men and women in the U. S. Constitution, and she became actively engaged in the organization’s effort to secure passage of the <span class="caps">ERA</span>. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Matthews served as the legal expert for the <span class="caps">NWP</span> and as the organization’s spokesperson giving a total of eight testimonies before Congress in support of the amendment. Although the <span class="caps">ERA</span> was never passed, its proposal helped to change the national conversation concerning the meaning of gender equality.</p> <p>Matthews also served as legal counsel for the <span class="caps">NWP</span> in a dispute with the federal government when it attempted to acquire ownership of the NWP’s headquarters and land as the ideal site for a new U. S. Supreme Court building. During the trial which ultimately decided the matter, Matthews was able to produce evidence which showed that the federal government’s monetary offer to compensate the <span class="caps">NWP</span> for title to the property was significantly less than the property was worth given its historical significance. The jury awarded the <span class="caps">NWP</span> approximately $300,000, which at the time was the largest condemnation award ever made by the federal government.</p> <h2>Branching out</h2> <p>Matthews’s success against the government in this case cemented her reputation as one of the best lawyers in Washington, and consequently, her private practice also grew. She eventually joined two other female lawyers with ties to the <span class="caps">NWP</span>, Rebekah Greathouse and Laura Berrien, in the creation of the firm, Matthews, Berrien, and Greathouse. As her affiliation with the <span class="caps">NWP</span> receded during the late 1930s and 1940s, Matthews’s activities shifted from working with individual clients toward work with legal and professional organizations, such as the District of Columbia Bar Association, Woman’s Bar Association, American Bar Association, and National Association of Woman Lawyers. She also taught at the Washington College of Law, which later became part of American University.</p> <h2>First female federal trial court judge</h2> <p>In 1949, President Harry Truman appointed Matthews to the U. S. District Court for the District of Columbia. She became the first woman ever appointed to a federal trial court and only the second woman ever appointed to a federal constitutional court. As a federal judge, she hired only female law clerks and bluntly counseled them against having children if they intended a career in law. Judge Matthews herself did not have children, and until her husband’s retirement in 1955, she never actually lived with him for any length.</p> <p>During her twenty-eight year tenure on the bench, Judge Matthews presided over several major trials. In 1955 and the beginning of the civil rights movement, she refused to order the State Department to issue a passport to the African American actor and political activist, Paul Robeson, ruling that he had first to exhaust all administrative remedies. In 1957, she presided over Jimmy Hoffa’s trial for bribery. At the time, Hoffa was president of the Teamsters Union, which originally represented freight carriers and warehouse workers, but today, represents many different occupations. While the Hoffa trial was quite difficult with many attempts made to disrupt it, Judge Matthews maintained control of her courtroom, and Hoffa was eventually acquitted. In the case of <em>Fulwood v. Clemmer</em> in 1962, she upheld the right of Black Muslims, also known as the Nation of Islam, to conduct religious services in the local prison. In this case, a local minister testified that he did not view Black Muslims as part of a legitimate religion, but Matthews rejected this claim. In another case, she ruled that the local prison had to reduce, though not eliminate, the use of pork in its meals to accommodate the religious beliefs of Muslims, who are forbidden from eating pork by the tenets of Islam. In 1969, Judge Matthews became senior judge and heard cases in both the U. S. District Court and the U. S. Court of Appeals (by designation) until her retirement in 1977.</p> <h2>Final return to Mississippi</h2> <p>Seventy years after leaving Mississippi to pursue her legal career, Burnita Shelton Matthews returned to her home state for the last time. She died due to a stroke in 1988 and was buried in the Shelton Family Cemetery in Copiah County, Mississippi. Her headstone notes that Burnita wanted to be remembered for two things: the first woman to become a U. S. district court judge and the “author of laws advancing the status of women.” As a lawyer, suffragist, feminist, and judge, Judge Matthews was truly a pioneer for all women.</p> <p><em>Kathanne (“Kate”) W. Greene is an associate professor of political science at the University of Southern Mississippi.</em></p> <h2> </h2> <h2>Other Mississippi History Now articles:</h2> <p><a href="/issue/the-equal-rights-amendment-and-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Equal Rights Amendment and Mississippi</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/mississippi-women-and-the-woman-suffrage-amendment" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi Women and the Woman Suffrage Amendment</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/lucy-somerville-howorth-lawyer-politician-and-feminist" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Lucy Somerville Howorth: Lawyer, Politician, and Feminist</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/betsy-love-and-the-mississippi-married-womens-property-act-of-1839" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Betsy Love, and the Married Women’s Property Act</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h2>Sources and suggested readings:</h2> <p>Burnita Shelton Matthews Collection, Schlesinger Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Mississippi Department of History and Archives, Jackson, Mississippi.</p> <p>Greene, Kate. “Burnita Shelton Matthews: The Struggle for Women’s Rights.” In <em>Mississippi Women: Their Histories, Their Lives</em>, edited by Martha H. Swain, Elizabeth Anne Payne, and Marjorie Julian Spruill, 144-159. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003.</p> <p>“Torts over Tempo: The Life and Career of Judge Burnita Shelton Matthews,” <em>Journal of Mississippi History</em>, 56, no. 3 (August 1994): 181-210.</p> <p>Matthews, Burnita Shelton. “Burnita Shelton Matthews: Pathfinder in the Legal Aspects of Women.” Interview by Amelia R. Fry, Washington, D.C., April 29, 1973. Suffragists Oral History Project, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.</p> <p>Obituary of Burnita Shelton Matthews. <em>The New York Times</em>, April 28, 1988.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1089.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of young Burnita Shelton Matthews in Washington, D.C. in 1925. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.275007/.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;YoungBurnitaMatthews1925.jpg&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of young Burnita Shelton Matthews in Washington, D.C. in 1925. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.275007/." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7161-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of young Burnita Shelton Matthews in Washington, D.C. in 1925. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.275007/.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;YoungBurnitaMatthews1925.jpg&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1089.jpg" width="464" height="768" alt="YoungBurnitaMatthews1925.jpg" title="Photograph of young Burnita Shelton Matthews in Washington, D.C. in 1925. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.275007/." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1090.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of women suffragists picketing in front of the White House in 1917 for the right to vote. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-USZ62-31799, Reference URL http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97500299/.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;fourteensuffragistsWhiteHouse1917.jpg&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of women suffragists picketing in front of the White House in 1917 for the right to vote. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-USZ62-31799, Reference URL http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97500299/." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7161-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of women suffragists picketing in front of the White House in 1917 for the right to vote. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-USZ62-31799, Reference URL http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97500299/.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;fourteensuffragistsWhiteHouse1917.jpg&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1090.jpg" width="550" height="319" alt="fourteensuffragistsWhiteHouse1917.jpg" title="Photograph of women suffragists picketing in front of the White House in 1917 for the right to vote. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-USZ62-31799, Reference URL http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/97500299/." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1091.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of a group of young members of the National Woman&#039;s Party before the Capitol in 1923 as they sought to meet with the senators and congressmen from their respective states to ask them to vote for the Equal Rights Amendment. In the foreground is Anita Pollitzer, secretary of the National Woman&#039;s Party. Left to right: Blanche Alsop, Virginia; Heath Jones, Delaware; Maud Younger, California, legislative chairman of the National Woman&#039;s Party; Legare Obear, Georgia; Burnita Shelton Matthews, Mississippi; Anne Archbold, Maine; Wilma Henderson, Massachusetts; Emma Brown, Maryland; Rowena Dashwood Graves, Colorado. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.160003 /.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;NWPladiesUSCapitol.jpg&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of a group of young members of the National Woman&#039;s Party before the Capitol in 1923 as they sought to meet with the senators and congressmen from their respective states to ask them to vote for the Equal Rights Amendment. In the foreground is Anita Pollitzer, secretary of the National Woman&#039;s Party. Left to right: Blanche Alsop, Virginia; Heath Jones, Delaware; Maud Younger, California, legislative chairman of the National Woman&#039;s Party; Legare Obear, Georgia; Burnita Shelton Matthews, Mississippi; Anne Archbold, Maine; Wilma Henderson, Massachusetts; Emma Brown, Maryland; Rowena Dashwood Graves, Colorado. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.160003 /." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7161-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of a group of young members of the National Woman&#039;s Party before the Capitol in 1923 as they sought to meet with the senators and congressmen from their respective states to ask them to vote for the Equal Rights Amendment. In the foreground is Anita Pollitzer, secretary of the National Woman&#039;s Party. Left to right: Blanche Alsop, Virginia; Heath Jones, Delaware; Maud Younger, California, legislative chairman of the National Woman&#039;s Party; Legare Obear, Georgia; Burnita Shelton Matthews, Mississippi; Anne Archbold, Maine; Wilma Henderson, Massachusetts; Emma Brown, Maryland; Rowena Dashwood Graves, Colorado. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.160003 /.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;NWPladiesUSCapitol.jpg&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1091.jpg" width="550" height="443" alt="NWPladiesUSCapitol.jpg" title="Photograph of a group of young members of the National Woman&#039;s Party before the Capitol in 1923 as they sought to meet with the senators and congressmen from their respective states to ask them to vote for the Equal Rights Amendment. In the foreground is Anita Pollitzer, secretary of the National Woman&#039;s Party. Left to right: Blanche Alsop, Virginia; Heath Jones, Delaware; Maud Younger, California, legislative chairman of the National Woman&#039;s Party; Legare Obear, Georgia; Burnita Shelton Matthews, Mississippi; Anne Archbold, Maine; Wilma Henderson, Massachusetts; Emma Brown, Maryland; Rowena Dashwood Graves, Colorado. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/resource/mnwp.160003 /." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1092.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph taken on June 2, 1920, of the officers of the National Woman’s Party in front of the Washington Headquarters before leaving for the Chicago Convention to take charge of the suffrage effort in the Convention of the Republican Party. Left to right: Sue White, Benigna Green Kalb, Jas Rector, Mary Dubrow, Alice Paul, and Elizabeth Kalb. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-F8-8181, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/npc2007001704 /.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;SuffragistsNWPHeadquartersLOC01705v.jpg&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph taken on June 2, 1920, of the officers of the National Woman’s Party in front of the Washington Headquarters before leaving for the Chicago Convention to take charge of the suffrage effort in the Convention of the Republican Party. Left to right: Sue White, Benigna Green Kalb, Jas Rector, Mary Dubrow, Alice Paul, and Elizabeth Kalb. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-F8-8181, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/npc2007001704 /." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7161-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph taken on June 2, 1920, of the officers of the National Woman’s Party in front of the Washington Headquarters before leaving for the Chicago Convention to take charge of the suffrage effort in the Convention of the Republican Party. Left to right: Sue White, Benigna Green Kalb, Jas Rector, Mary Dubrow, Alice Paul, and Elizabeth Kalb. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-F8-8181, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/npc2007001704 /.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;SuffragistsNWPHeadquartersLOC01705v.jpg&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1092.jpg" width="550" height="446" alt="SuffragistsNWPHeadquartersLOC01705v.jpg" title="Photograph taken on June 2, 1920, of the officers of the National Woman’s Party in front of the Washington Headquarters before leaving for the Chicago Convention to take charge of the suffrage effort in the Convention of the Republican Party. Left to right: Sue White, Benigna Green Kalb, Jas Rector, Mary Dubrow, Alice Paul, and Elizabeth Kalb. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Call No. LC-F8-8181, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/npc2007001704 /." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1093.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph taken in 1929 of U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell presenting a check to Burnita Shelton Matthews, attorney for the National Woman&#039;s Party, as payment for the National Woman&#039;s Party Headquarters located at 21 First Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C. The location was used as the site for the U.S. Capitol from 1815 to 1819 but was torn down following this sale to accommodate the new location of the U.S. Supreme Court Building. On the left is Maud Younger, congressional chairman of the National Woman&#039;s Party. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/item/mnwp000324/. &quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;CheckgivenBMatthewsNWP.jpg&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph taken in 1929 of U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell presenting a check to Burnita Shelton Matthews, attorney for the National Woman&#039;s Party, as payment for the National Woman&#039;s Party Headquarters located at 21 First Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C. The location was used as the site for the U.S. Capitol from 1815 to 1819 but was torn down following this sale to accommodate the new location of the U.S. Supreme Court Building. On the left is Maud Younger, congressional chairman of the National Woman&#039;s Party. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/item/mnwp000324/. " data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7161-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph taken in 1929 of U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell presenting a check to Burnita Shelton Matthews, attorney for the National Woman&#039;s Party, as payment for the National Woman&#039;s Party Headquarters located at 21 First Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C. The location was used as the site for the U.S. Capitol from 1815 to 1819 but was torn down following this sale to accommodate the new location of the U.S. Supreme Court Building. On the left is Maud Younger, congressional chairman of the National Woman&#039;s Party. 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Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Reference URL https://www.loc.gov/item/mnwp000324/. " loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1094.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of Judge Burnita Shelton Matthews. Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;matthewsformal.jpg&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of Judge Burnita Shelton Matthews. 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Courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1095.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the headstone at the gravesite of Burnita Shelton Matthews located in the Shelton Cemetery in Copiah County, Mississippi. Courtesy of Kate Greene.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GravePhotograph.jpg&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the headstone at the gravesite of Burnita Shelton Matthews located in the Shelton Cemetery in Copiah County, Mississippi. Courtesy of Kate Greene." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7161-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the headstone at the gravesite of Burnita Shelton Matthews located in the Shelton Cemetery in Copiah County, Mississippi. Courtesy of Kate Greene.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;GravePhotograph.jpg&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1095.jpg" width="550" height="733" alt="GravePhotograph.jpg" title="Photograph of the headstone at the gravesite of Burnita Shelton Matthews located in the Shelton Cemetery in Copiah County, Mississippi. Courtesy of Kate Greene." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/burnita-shelton-matthews-suffragist-feminist-judicial-pioneer-lesson-plan" hreflang="en">Burnita Shelton Matthews: Suffragist, Feminist, and Judicial Pioneer Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 29 Aug 2017 17:31:13 +0000 usnext 7161 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/the-great-depression-and-religion-in-mississippi-lesson-plan <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 04/06/2017 - 13:02</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h3>Overview</h3> <p>The widespread suffering caused by the Great Depression rendered religious agencies in Mississippi unable to help those in need. As the income of workers fell by 40 to 60 percent, donations traditionally used to fund religious aid for those trapped at the bottom of society also plummeted. Most religious leaders and agencies in Mississippi called for and subsequently welcomed the various social aid programs created by President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. As the New Deal took effect, however, state religious leaders held mixed emotions and opinions concerning the program’s success in the state. Most white clergy continued to support the relief and recovery programs of the New Deal, although many worried that federal aid would undermine Jim Crow segregation. Black ministers in Mississippi responded more cautiously to the New Deal as many program benefits were denied to Black southerners, particularly domestic workers, sharecroppers, and tenant farmers. A minority of White ministers feared that the implementation of the New Deal meant that local churches had permanently given up their social and moral authority to an expanded federal government, a fear that would continue to grow among white southern ministers in the coming decades.</p> <h3>Curricular Connections</h3> <h4><em>US History: 1877 to Present</em></h4> <ul><li>US.6.3 - Analyze President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal as a response to the economic crisis of the Great Depression, including: the effectiveness of New Deal programs in relieving suffering, achieving economic recovery, and promoting organized labor.</li> <li>US.6.4 - Evaluate the impact of Franklin D. Roosevelt on the presidency and the New Deal’s impact on the expansion of federal power.</li> </ul><h3>Teaching Level</h3> <p>Grades 7 through 12</p> <h3>Materials/Equipment</h3> <ul><li>Mississippi History Now article, “The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi”</li> <li><a href="/sites/default/files/2021-09/The%20Great%20Depression_A%20Character%20Study.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Character Analysis Worksheet</a></li> <li>Classroom board</li> <li>Computer</li> <li>Index cards or unlined paper cut into squares</li> <li>Internet access</li> <li>Resource books</li> <li>PowerPoint</li> <li>Data Projector</li> </ul><h3>Objectives</h3> <p>The students will:</p> <ol><li>Determine the role religious agencies played in assisting people in need in Mississippi both prior to and after the Great Depression.</li> <li>Examine the widespread suffering caused by the Great Depression from the viewpoint of different population groups in Mississippi.</li> <li>Evaluate how New Deal programs impacted different population groups in Mississippi.</li> </ol><h3>Opening the Lesson</h3> <p>Prior to the start of class, the teacher will list the following questions on the board:</p> <ol><li>What would families do to survive and attempt to recover?</li> <li>If that fails, where would they go for help?</li> <li>When that help runs out, where would they go next?</li> <li>And next?</li> </ol><p>To open the lesson, the teacher will ask students to consider the following scenario of a family living in Mississippi in 1931 during the Great Depression. Next, the teacher will read the scenario listed below to the class. </p> <p><em>It is 1931. Your house burns down. A month later, you contract malaria, and you cannot work. Your family’s life savings has been lost in a bank failure. Your family has almost nothing left to eat.</em></p> <p>Next, the teacher will ask students the questions listed on the board prior to the start of class. The teacher will record the student responses on the board. After the class discussion, the teacher will tell the students that they will have an opportunity to study how different populations in the 1930s were affected by the Great Depression and the New Deal.</p> <h3>Developing the Lesson</h3> <ol><li>Each of the characters listed below will be placed on separate index cards or pieces of paper that are card size. The set of cards will be duplicated based on the number of student groups to ensure that each student group receives a card. The students should be aware that these are real scenarios from Mississippi in the 1930s. <ul><li>A Black male sharecropper living and working on a plantation in Coahoma County with a wife and five children.</li> <li>A Syrian woman living in Greenwood. Her husband is dead, and she is raising her high school-aged son on her own.</li> <li>A Black small business owner in Mound Bayou, whose customers are predominately local Black farmers. You, your wife, and your two children live in a small house beside your store.</li> <li>A White male wage laborer in Bolivar County. You have a wife and four children who travel with you looking for work in the cotton fields.</li> <li>A White female minister in Natchez, who is a wife and the mother of two children. She and her husband preach at a local holiness church and scratch out a living on their small farm.</li> </ul></li> <li>Next, students will be placed in groups of three or four. One member from each group will select one of the character cards mentioned above. Depending on the number of student groups, more than one group may have the same character.</li> <li>The teacher will instruct the student groups to research their assigned character. Students will use various books and Internet sources to complete their character analysis. Along with the current article, “The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi,” students will also use other articles from the Mississippi History Now website for their research. Other articles suggested for student research are listed at the bottom of this webpage.</li> <li>Some of the research questions for the character analysis should include the following: <ul><li>What types of survival strategies or resources were available to your character prior to the Great Depression? Were these same strategies available during the depression? If no, why were they not available?</li> <li>What types of survival strategies or resources were available or may have been used by your character in the early years of the Great Depression?</li> <li>Which New Deal programs might have been available to your character? Would those benefits have been limited in any way depending on your character’s race or occupation?<br /> Attached to the lesson plan is a worksheet that students can use to record their research notes.</li> </ul></li> <li>The teacher will tell the students that they will be required to create a PowerPoint on their character analysis research that will be shared with the class. The students should include a slide in the PowerPoint that list the resources used for the assignment. A slide on the geography of the area where their character resided should also be included in the PowerPoint.</li> </ol><h3>Closing the Lesson</h3> <p>The students will present their research projects to the class.</p> <h3>Assessing Student Learning</h3> <ul><li>Class participation</li> <li>Group activity</li> <li>Research notes</li> <li>Presentations</li> </ul><h3>Enrichment</h3> <ul><li>Students can research local, state, and national leaders during the Depression.</li> <li>Students can conduct further research on the programs included in the New Deal.</li> <li>Students can research local, state, and national resources available to those in need today.</li> <li>The teacher can use Mississippi History Now articles mentioned in this lesson plan to create a unit on the Great Depression.</li> </ul><h3>Other related Mississippi History Now articles</h3> <ul><li><a href="/issue/depression-and-hard-times-in-mississippi-letters-from-the-william-m-colmer-papers" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Depression and Hard Times in Mississippi: Letters from the William M. Colmer Papers</a> (Letters from the William M. Colmer Papers can be directly accessed <a href="/issue/depression-and-hard-times-in-mississippi-letters" rel="noopener" target="_blank">here.</a> )</li> <li><a href="/issue/farmers-without-land-the-plight-of-white-tenant-farmers-and-sharecroppers" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers</a></li> <li><a href="/issue/religion-in-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Religion in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/issue/womens-work-relief-in-the-great-depression" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Women’s Work Relief in the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/issue/cooperative-farming-in-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Cooperative Farming in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/issue/economic-development-in-the-1930s-balance-agriculture-with-industry" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Economic Development in the 1930s: Balance Agriculture with Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/issue/the-rural-electrification-of-northeast-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Rural Electrification of Northeast Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/issue/wpa-slave-narratives" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="caps">WPA</span> Slave Narratives</a></li> </ul><p><em>Karla Smith is the Social Studies Department Chair at Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College’s Jefferson Davis Campus.</em></p> <h3><span class="caps">ADDITIONAL</span> <span class="caps">MISSISSIPPI</span> <span class="caps">HISTORY RESOURCES</span>:</h3> <p><a href="https://www.mdah.ms.gov/teachers-students" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.mdah.ms.gov/teachers-students</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Karla Smith</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/the-great-depression-and-religion-in-mississippi" hreflang="en">The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-media-lesson-plan--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-media-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-media-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Media</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'media' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * media--source-file.html.twig * media--document--default.html.twig * media--document.html.twig * media--default.html.twig x media.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> <article class="media media--type-document media--view-mode-default"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--media--field-media-document--document.html.twig * field--media--field-media-document.html.twig * field--media--document.html.twig * field--field-media-document.html.twig * field--file.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-media-document field--type-file field--label-visually_hidden"> <div class="field__label visually-hidden">Document</div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/sites/default/files/2021-09/The%20Great%20Depression_A%20Character%20Study.pdf" class="file-download file-download-application file-download-pdf" target="_blank">The Great Depression_A Character Study.pdf</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> </article> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/media.html.twig' --> </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/16" hreflang="en">Economic history</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/27" hreflang="en">Religion</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Apr 2017 18:02:58 +0000 usnext 7157 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-great-depression-and-religion-in-mississippi <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Thu, 04/06/2017 - 11:10</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> April 2017 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Alison Collis Greene <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/27" hreflang="en">Religion</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>“Dear Rev. Bishop,” wrote Kate Abraham of Greenwood in March 1933, “I lost everything I that I own the house which I live in caught a fire.” A member of the town’s small Syrian Catholic community, Abraham had exhausted every local option in her search for help. “I haven’t got nothing to eat and nobody help me, my husband have been dead eleven years,” she said. Abraham asked the bishop for “anything that you will do to help me,” and pled again, “me and my son is starving to death, my son have to go to school without breakfast and dinner.”</p> <p>Bishop Richard Gerow forwarded Abraham’s request to her priest, who replied immediately. Abraham “has been given help by her own people, Syrians, by the Red Cross, by the R.F.C. [Reconstruction Finance Corporation], and I too have been fleeced one way or another at different times,” he wrote. Abraham had also received aid from Leflore County, petitioned the governor and a local Southern Baptist minister, and appealed to the Knights of Columbus, a Catholic society with a chapter in Greenville. “I do not say all this to cool down your charitable feelings toward this party,” explained the priest, “but to the credit of those who have been doing for her. Many people here are in difficult conditions, and I do not know that she is any worse than the others.” Kate Abraham had appealed to nearly every public and private source of relief available, and still she needed more.</p> <p>Kate Abraham’s desperate plea and her priest’s defensive response illustrate the breakdown of private relief in the early years of the Great Depression. For decades, religious aid societies had claimed responsibility for helping those at the bottom of the capitalist economy. Yet even at their best, those agencies turned away many more people than they helped.</p> <p>The Great Depression brought widespread suffering, and it crippled southern religious agencies at the moment people needed them most. As a result, Mississippi religious leaders joined others from across the nation to call for help from the federal government. When President Franklin Roosevelt took office, religious leaders celebrated the hand off of social programs from church to state. White clergy took credit for the New Deal, but they also fought to ensure that it upheld both White supremacy and their churches’ moral authority.</p> <p>Before the Depression, Southerners generally thought about poverty as the result of individual failures, but many also worked to help the suffering. Even as they emphasized evangelism, black and white religious agencies established orphanages, hospitals, schools, and settlement houses. Women’s organizations distributed clothing and food. Some White people could access public support—a few dollars in Mothers’ Aid or a municipal poorhouse—but African Americans, ethnic minorities, and most White people turned to churches and religious agencies when they needed help. As Abraham’s pleas show, aid for the needy was scattered at best.</p> <p>Then, disaster struck. In 1930, a drought scorched cotton and food crops alike. Prices for the remaining cotton dropped, and farmers prepared for a hungry winter. Then, a wave of bank failures swept the region. Even farmers who had savings, lost them.</p> <p>Religious leaders struggled to respond to a crisis that no one yet understood. Many hoped for a great revival, confident that people would turn to the church in hard times, but the crisis only deepened. Some churches provided a place for people to seek comfort and to express the sorrow and pain they experienced, while others failed to acknowledge the shared pain of the Depression. Overwhelmed by need both inside and outside their doors, members struggled to keep churches open and charities running.</p> <p>Private aid agencies faced several crises at once. The number of needy people soared, and donations plummeted. Many aid organizations shut down. Between 1929 and 1932, national income dropped by more than 50 percent. Wage earners’ income sank by 60 percent, and salaried workers’ income fell by 40 percent. Until 1933, church giving held steady as a proportion of national income, but that still meant a 50 percent decline in donations just as demands on church resources peaked. Churches cut charitable spending first. Even the president of the Southern Baptist Convention admitted, “We are putting off the Lord’s cause while we try to settle with our other creditors.” When the money ran out, the churches could not help. Some asked the state to intervene where they had failed.</p> <p>Mississippi religious leaders cheered when Democrat Franklin Roosevelt took office as President in March of 1933 on the promise of establishing a social welfare program, “a new deal for the American people.” Roosevelt won 96 percent of Mississippi’s votes, and the state’s white Protestant leaders celebrated the New Deal’s relief and recovery programs as their own accomplishment.</p> <p>White Methodist editor D.B. Raulins applauded the National Recovery Administration (<span class="caps">NRA</span>), which regulated workers’ hours and wages, made provisions for the right of workers to unionize, and put people to work on infrastructure projects. “It is gratifying in the highest degree,” reported Raulins, “that our government is actually attempting to try out some of these things for which the Christian church has been contending for a quarter of a century.”</p> <p>Religious leaders’ enthusiasm for the New Deal grew as its programs took effect, although clergy wanted a more prominent role in distributing government relief. The relief and recovery programs of 1933, known as the first New Deal, set the stage for the more permanent programs of 1935, or the second New Deal. The new legislation included the Social Security Act, a federal retirement program that also made provisions for orphans and the disabled.</p> <p>In September of 1935, Roosevelt wrote letters to the nation’s clergy to ask for their thoughts concerning the New Deal. Nearly 30,000 wrote back, and of the 12,096 clergy who responded by November, 84 percent approved. In Mississippi, 92 percent of clergy responded more positively than negatively, and only 4 percent were entirely opposed to Roosevelt’s programs. A Mississippi rabbi believed Social Security to be “drawn up in the spirit of Israel’s ancient prophets, those eloquent and fearless protagonists of social justice and righteousness.”</p> <p>Black clergy responded cautiously, because White Mississippians worked hard to limit the New Deal’s programs for African Americans. One minister wrote that he supported Social Security “providing this Act is carried out with an equally divided share to all poverty stricken American citizens, regardless of race or color.” However, it was not. Even though Roosevelt prohibited explicit racial discrimination, southern Congressmen ensured that Social Security did not apply to agricultural or domestic workers, the two jobs most readily available to black southerners. While the New Deal provided many benefits to Black southerners, it granted far more benefits to White ones. Still, many White clergy complained that the New Deal threatened Jim Crow segregation because it reduced local White control over African Americans’ wages and opportunities. Black clergy fought to ensure that the New Deal benefited their members as well.</p> <p>By the end of the Great Depression, most White Mississippi clergy continued to celebrate New Deal relief and works programs and trusted that they held enough moral and social authority to guide the course of the New Deal. Yet a minority of White religious leaders across the South, including Mississippi, also worried that they had abandoned their moral authority to the state, and they broke their alliance with the New Deal to become its critics instead. In the coming decades, Cold War politics, civil rights controversies, and the rise of political conservatism fueled a countermovement that both fed off of and fueled religious leaders’ anxieties about the size and scope of government.</p> <p>Alison Collis Greene is an assistant professor of history at Mississippi State University and the author of <em>No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta</em> (Oxford University Press, 2015), from which this essay has been adapted. <em>No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta</em> was recently awarded the prestigious Charles S. Sydnor Award by the Southern Historical Association.</p> <h3>Other Mississippi History Now articles:</h3> <p><a href="/issue/depression-and-hard-times-in-mississippi-letters-from-the-william-m-colmer-papers" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Depression and Hard Times in Mississippi: Letters from the William M. Colmer Papers</a> (Letters from the William M. Colmer Papers can be directly accessed <a href="/issue/depression-and-hard-times-in-mississippi-letters">here.</a> )</p> <p><a href="/issue/farmers-without-land-the-plight-of-white-tenant-farmers-and-sharecroppers" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Farmers Without Land: The Plight of White Tenant Farmers and Sharecroppers</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/religion-in-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Religion in Mississippi</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/womens-work-relief-in-the-great-depression" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Women’s Work Relief in the Great Depression</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/cooperative-farming-in-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Cooperative Farming in Mississippi</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/economic-development-in-the-1930s-balance-agriculture-with-industry" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Economic Development in the 1930s: Balance Agriculture with Industry</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/the-rural-electrification-of-northeast-mississippi" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Rural Electrification of Northeast Mississippi</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/wpa-slave-narratives" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><span class="caps">WPA</span> Slave Narratives</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources</h3> <p>Butler, Anthea. <em>Women in the Church of God in Christ: Making a Sanctified World.</em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.</p> <p>Greene, Alison Collis. <em>No Depression in Heaven: The Great Depression, the New Deal, and the Transformation of Religion in the Delta.</em> New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.</p> <p>Smith, Fred C. <em>Trouble in Goshen: Plain Folk, Roosevelt, Jesus, and Marx in the Great Depression.</em> Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2014.</p> <p>Sparks, Randy J. <em>Religion in Mississippi.</em> Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2001.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1079.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;A black church near Greenville, Mississippi. 1936 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-009512-E._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Greenville church&quot;}" role="button" title="A black church near Greenville, Mississippi. 1936 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-009512-E._" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7156-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;A black church near Greenville, Mississippi. 1936 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-009512-E._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Greenville church&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1079.jpg" width="659" height="700" alt="Greenville church" title="A black church near Greenville, Mississippi. 1936 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-009512-E._" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1080.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Donated grapefruit distributed in a church school near Shaw, Mississippi. 1930 or 1931 Lewis Wickes Hines photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USZ62-101908._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Donated Grapefruit Distribution&quot;}" role="button" title="Donated grapefruit distributed in a church school near Shaw, Mississippi. 1930 or 1931 Lewis Wickes Hines photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USZ62-101908._" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7156-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Donated grapefruit distributed in a church school near Shaw, Mississippi. 1930 or 1931 Lewis Wickes Hines photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USZ62-101908._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Donated Grapefruit Distribution&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1080.jpg" width="866" height="696" alt="Donated Grapefruit Distribution" title="Donated grapefruit distributed in a church school near Shaw, Mississippi. 1930 or 1931 Lewis Wickes Hines photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USZ62-101908._" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1081.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;A mother and children living in an abandoned church in Laurel, Mississippi. 1939 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-DIG-fsa-8b3705 or LC-DIG-fsa-8b37053._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Mother and Children in Abandoned Church&quot;}" role="button" title="A mother and children living in an abandoned church in Laurel, Mississippi. 1939 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-DIG-fsa-8b3705 or LC-DIG-fsa-8b37053._" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7156-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;A mother and children living in an abandoned church in Laurel, Mississippi. 1939 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-DIG-fsa-8b3705 or LC-DIG-fsa-8b37053._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Mother and Children in Abandoned Church&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1081.jpg" width="934" height="691" alt="Mother and Children in Abandoned Church" title="A mother and children living in an abandoned church in Laurel, Mississippi. 1939 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-DIG-fsa-8b3705 or LC-DIG-fsa-8b37053._" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1082.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Interior of a black church in the Mississippi Delta. June 1937 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-017306-C._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interior Delta Church&quot;}" role="button" title="Interior of a black church in the Mississippi Delta. June 1937 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-017306-C._" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7156-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Interior of a black church in the Mississippi Delta. June 1937 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-017306-C._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interior Delta Church&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1082.jpg" width="503" height="402" alt="Interior Delta Church" title="Interior of a black church in the Mississippi Delta. June 1937 Dorothea Lange photograph courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Farm Security Administration and Office of War Information Collection. Call No. LC-USF34-017306-C._" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1083.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Streets of Tupelo lined with Mississippians greeting President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, on their tour of Northeast Mississippi in November 1934. Courtesy of the Tennessee Valley Authority._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;FDR in Tupelo, MS&quot;}" role="button" title="Streets of Tupelo lined with Mississippians greeting President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, on their tour of Northeast Mississippi in November 1934. Courtesy of the Tennessee Valley Authority._" data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7156-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Streets of Tupelo lined with Mississippians greeting President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, on their tour of Northeast Mississippi in November 1934. Courtesy of the Tennessee Valley Authority._&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;FDR in Tupelo, MS&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1083.jpg" width="535" height="401" alt="FDR in Tupelo, MS" title="Streets of Tupelo lined with Mississippians greeting President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, on their tour of Northeast Mississippi in November 1934. Courtesy of the Tennessee Valley Authority._" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/the-great-depression-and-religion-in-mississippi-lesson-plan" hreflang="en">The Great Depression and Religion in Mississippi Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Thu, 06 Apr 2017 16:10:21 +0000 usnext 7156 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/11/2017 - 14:52</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> January 2017 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Susannah J. Ural <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Three weeks before Christmas of 1903, J. R. Climer of Madison County, Mississippi, became the first resident of the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home, Beauvoir — Mississippi’s home for Confederate veterans and their wives and widows on the Mississippi Gulf Coast in Biloxi. Climer was a Tennessean by birth and a veteran of Company A of the Madison Light Artillery that fought in General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at some of the most famous battles of the American Civil War. When the war began, Climer was a tombstone agent in Canton. By 1900, he had moved to the community of Flora where Climer rented a home and sold groceries. He never married, and he was not entirely sure of the year he was born. He had received some formal schooling before the war, and he was able to support himself into the twentieth century. By 1903, however, James Climer was in his late seventies (or so he thought), and he applied to enter the Confederate veteran home when word reached Canton that it would open on December 1. Delays pushed the official opening back ten days, but word of the delay did not reach Climer before he departed for the Coast. Despite the construction around him, ladies from the Biloxi chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (<span class="caps">UDC</span>) scrambled to make Climer comfortable when he moved in on December 2. The Jefferson Davis Soldier Home officially opened on December 10, and fifteen additional men joined Climer as its residents.</p> <p>Mississippi was the second state to secede from the Union and the second-to-last state to establish a home for its aging veterans, though not from a lack of concern about veterans’ needs. Mindful of the human cost of war, Mississippi legislators began allocating funds for wounded and indigent soldiers and their families in the first years of the Civil War, and the legislature debated bills to open a state home for veterans in the 1880s. J. R. Climer’s awkward arrival at an unfinished Beauvoir, however, was representative of the difficult process of the home’s creation. Limited funds and disagreements on how to best care for veterans plagued efforts until the problem received the focused attention of the Mississippi Division of the <span class="caps">UDC</span>.</p> <p>Constructed from 1848 until 1852, the future Confederate home was originally named “Orange Grove” by its first occupant, James Brown of Madison County, Mississippi. The property was later renamed “Beauvoir” by Sarah Ellis Dorsey when she purchased the property in the 1870s. Dorsey sold the property to Jefferson Davis in 1879. The first and only President of the Confederate States of America wrote his famous memoir, <em>The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government,</em> at Beauvoir and spent the last twelve years of his life at this beautiful, coastal location. After Davis died in 1889, his widow, Varina, and daughter, Winnie, had difficulty maintaining the property as their resources dwindled. After securing attractive writing contracts from the <em>New York World</em>, the women moved to New York City for Varina’s health. Following the hurricane of 1893, which severely damaged Beauvoir and many coastal communities, the preservation of the property became the cause of Mary Hunter Southworth Kimbrough of Greenwood, Mississippi, who spent summers with her husband, Judge Allan McCaskill Kimbrough, at Ashton Hall, located near Beauvoir in Biloxi. A friend of the Davises, Mary Kimbrough worked to raise funds to restore the property as “the Mount Vernon of the Confederacy.” While appreciative, Varina Davis worried that the cost of maintaining the home would always be sizable, and her health remained such that doctors did not want her living on the southern coast. Davis suggested in late 1894 that she would be willing to sell the home, and it was here that the women (it is not clear which one) launched the idea of turning Beauvoir into Mississippi’s home for aging Confederate veterans and their wives and widows.</p> <p>Over the next eight years, the Mississippi <span class="caps">UDC</span> worked to raise the $10,000 that Davis requested for the home. This sum would provide her with adequate funds to support herself and her daughter, and it was a bargain for the state. (A hotel developer had recently offered Davis $90,000 for the property, but she refused). The <span class="caps">UDC</span> implemented numerous fundraising plans while battling a reluctant state legislature. Most lawmakers in the 1890s were convinced that Mississippi’s 26,728 Confederate veterans and 3,830 widows preferred to remain within their own communities and to receive pensions directly from the state.</p> <p>By 1899, the <span class="caps">UDC</span>’s efforts were failing when Lizzie George Henderson of the J. Z. George <span class="caps">UDC</span> Chapter of Greenwood, Mississippi, launched a campaign to contact county clerks across the state to ascertain the number and condition of poor veterans in their areas. Henderson also wrote and sponsored trips to other state homes in order to research the costs involved with opening and running a veterans’ facility. At the 1901 reunion of the United Confederate Veterans in Memphis, Tennessee, Henderson also secured the signatures of nearly 600 veterans who clarified their desire for a state home. Although this information was formally presented to the governor and the state legislature, the plan continued to languish until the Mississippi Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (<span class="caps">SCV</span>) convinced state leaders that the home was a necessity. By 1902, however, the entire effort was on the verge of collapse once more. Tensions developed as the <span class="caps">UDC</span> felt that their fundraising efforts had been sidelined by the <span class="caps">SCV</span>, and Varina Davis’s relationship with certain <span class="caps">UDC</span> officers fractured over her concerns that the <span class="caps">UDC</span> would diminish or even erase her family’s connection to the home. Despite these concerns, the <span class="caps">SCV</span> finally secured the funds necessary to purchase the home. The <span class="caps">SCV</span> also agreed to Davis’s request that her family be forever honored at Beauvoir and that the Beauvoir <span class="caps">UDC</span> Chapter be allowed run it. (The latter request, however, was not fulfilled until the mid-1920s.) The <span class="caps">UDC</span> and <span class="caps">SCV</span> applauded the results of their long-fought struggle, and the <span class="caps">UDC</span> agreed to use the funds they raised to furnish the home and grounds. In February of 1903, the sale was finalized with the delivery of $8,000 in cash and a $2,000 promissory note. During the following year, the state took on the responsibility of funding the operation of the facility, which eventually comprised twelve barracks that held twenty-four people per building and four residents per room. The grounds also included a dining hall, chapel, hospital, and houses for servants and staff.</p> <p>For the next fifty-four years, over 1,800 impoverished Confederate veterans, wives, and widows called Beauvoir home. Like similar facilities across the nation, there were occasional charges levied against the home concerning use of funds and care of the residents. However, all state investigations of these charges found them to be largely without grounds. In 1916, Governor Theodore G. Bilbo appointed Elnathan and Helen Tartt as superintendent and matron of the home. Except for one four-year gap, the Tartts continuously occupied these positions until the 1940s. (The couple often exchanged roles, with Helen sometimes serving as an independent superintendent, a rare role for a woman.) The Tartts ran the home respectfully and efficiently, setting Beauvoir apart from other veterans’ facilities in the country.</p> <p>According to R. B. Rosenburg, a leading scholar on Confederate homes, veteran homes across the South were often characterized by overregulation and overbearing superintendents who treated the residents like prisoners or children. The veterans, Rosenburg argued, were trotted out for Confederate memorials and parades as though they were “living monuments” but were otherwise largely forgotten by the public. Historians James Marten and Elna Green, however, have countered this image by arguing that southern facilities fared better than their northern counterparts because Confederate veterans were linked to southern belief in the Lost Cause. The association of veterans with the Lost Cause created more public support for southern veterans even when reports surfaced of veterans drinking, arguing, gambling, cursing, and occasionally attacking a staff member or each other. Residents of veterans’ homes felt similar pressure to live up to their reputation within the Lost Cause narrative. Still, Marten argues that contemporary reports on or coming from veteran homes created, especially in the North but also in the South, “two extreme stereotypes of veterans: feeble and incapable, or drunken and irresponsible. Americans seemed to think of residents of soldiers’ homes as less than truly men, and at least some of the men trapped in these stately prisons of gratitude agreed.”</p> <p>A study of the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home begun by the University of Southern Mississippi in 2014, known as the Beauvoir Veteran Project, challenged this image of unhappy residents isolated from society in poorly run facilities. The Beauvoir Veteran Project studied the home from 1903 through its closing in 1957 and traced the home’s residents from the 1850s through the twentieth century. The study supplemented the limited number of letters, diaries, or memoirs from veteran residents with census, military service, pension, and newspaper records from the period. Contrary to common perceptions of veterans’ home residents as illiterate, chronically impoverished, and isolated, the study’s findings revealed that the majority of Beauvoir’s residents were literate, raised in middle-class families, and active in the Biloxi community while living at Beauvoir. Researchers have also found that Beauvoir residents were not “trapped in . . . stately prisons.” Except for the severely ill, most veterans, wives, and widows were only temporary residents of Beauvoir. Many were “honorably discharged” when family members found the means to care for them at home. Some of these residents later returned, only to leave again, while others returned and remained and Beauvoir until their deaths. The Beauvoir Veteran Project has revealed a far more fluid and active home than historians have traditionally understood Confederate soldier facilities to be. The project has also shown that Beauvoir challenges the idea that these were traditionally all-male facilities. Mississippi’s Confederate home was one of the few to welcome female residents throughout its operation, to have a woman superintendent, and to have women (<span class="caps">UDC</span> members) serving on its board of directors since the 1920s.</p> <p>In its prime, 250 men and women called Beauvoir home. The facility bustled with skits, readings, trips to veteran reunions, weddings of residents, and numerous social visits by local residents and dignitaries. As would be expected for a home with aging residents, Beauvoir also conducted a host of funerals. While some residents or their families requested that the bodies of their loved ones be sent home for burial, over 700 veterans, wives, and widows were buried at the Beauvoir Cemetery located behind the home and barracks. On February 19, 1957, the home’s last two residents, widows Mollie Lavenia Bailey of Rosedale and Mollie Cottle of Rolling Fork, were moved to another retirement home. At that time, the state of Mississippi officially closed the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home – Beauvoir and returned the control and maintenance of the property to the <span class="caps">SCV</span>.</p> <p><em>Lisa C. Foster is pursuing her master’s degree in the Department of History at the University of Southern Mississippi. Her master’s thesis analyzes Mississippi’s state and local policies for helping poor veterans and their families during and after the American Civil War.</em></p> <p><em>Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D. is professor of history at the University of Southern Mississippi and director of the Beauvoir Veteran Project.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources and suggested readings:</h3> <p>Foster, Lisa A. “A Sentimental Idea: The Jefferson Davis Beauvoir Memorial Soldiers’ Home, 1903-1957.” Honors Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi, 2008.</p> <p>“The Beauvoir Veteran Project,” <a href="http://beauvoirveteranproject.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://beauvoirveteranproject.org/.</a></p> <p>Flowers, Richard R. <em>The Chronicles of Beauvoir: The Last Home of Jefferson Davis, A History.</em> Baltimore: Otter Bay Books, 2009.</p> <p>Green, Elna C. “Protecting Confederate Soldiers and Mothers: Pensions, Gender, and the Welfare State in the U. S. South, a Case Study from Florida.” <em>Journal of Social History 39</em> (Summer 2006): 1079-1104.</p> <p>Marten, James. <em>Sing Not War: The Lives of Union &amp; Confederate Veterans in Gilded Age America.</em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.</p> <p>Mass, V. B. “Jefferson Davis Dining Hall Record,” 1919-1920. http://www.lib.usm.edu/spcol/exhibitions/itemofthemonth/iomaug08.html.</p> <p>Rosenburg, R. B. <em>Living Monuments: Confederate Soldiers’ Homes in the New South</em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.</p> <p>Thompson, James West. <em>Beauvoir: A Walk Through History.</em> Biloxi: Beauvoir Press, 2005.</p> <h3>Other Mississippi History Now articles</h3> <p><a href="/issue/sarah-anne-ellis-dorsey-a-woman-of-uncommon-mind" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey: A Woman of Uncommon Mind</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/mississippi-soldiers-in-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi Soldiers in the Civil War</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/black-confederate-pensioners-after-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Black Confederate Pensioners after the Civil War</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1072.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Beauvoir, 1936. 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V, 1-3.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Beauvoir, 1936. &quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1072.jpg" width="535" height="382" alt="Beauvoir, 1936. " title="Beauvoir, 1936. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, James Butters, photographer, April 1936, HABS MISS, 24-BILX. V, 1-3." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1073.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jefferson Davis at his favorite seat looking out over the Gulf of Mexico at Beauvoir. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC- USZ62-92719.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jefferson Davis &quot;}" role="button" title="Jefferson Davis at his favorite seat looking out over the Gulf of Mexico at Beauvoir. 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Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC- USZ62-92719." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1074.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Postcard of the Beauvoir Library Cottage with the Confederate Soldiers Home Hospital in background. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1075.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Hospital in 1955. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Confederate Soldiers Home Hospital in 1955&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Hospital in 1955. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1076.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955.&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1077.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7154-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1077.jpg" width="939" height="768" alt="Interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel" title="Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/7183" hreflang="en">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 11 Jan 2017 20:52:37 +0000 usnext 7154 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Marcus Shook: A Mississippi Hero http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/marcus-shook-a-mississippi-hero <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Marcus Shook: A Mississippi Hero</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 10/19/2016 - 11:03</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> October 2016 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Richard C. Lukas <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/22" hreflang="en">Military</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>For more than seventy-two years, the ten-man crew of a particular World War II United States Army Air Forces B-17 has held a special place in the hearts of the citizens of Lomianki, Poland. The airmen named their Flying Fortress “I’ll Be Seeing You” after the song that was made so popular during the war by the renowned singer Bing Crosby that it became an anthem for American and British servicemen who were stationed away from their loved ones. Sgt. Marcus Shook, a young Mississippian affectionately nicknamed “Shooky” by his crewmates, was a member of the heroic crew that participated in a unique and dangerous mission to drop desperately needed supplies over Warsaw, Poland, to the Poles who had launched an uprising to recover their beloved city from the Germans.</p> <h2>Shook’s early life</h2> <p>Marcus Shook was born on July 30, 1920, in Belmont, a small, somewhat isolated community in Tishomingo County in the hills region of the northeast corner of Mississippi. Shook was an intelligent young man, a good student and someone who was generally shy and self-effacing. He also enjoyed outdoor activities, especially swimming with his friends in Bear Creek. By the time Shook graduated from high school, Adolf Hitler had broken the terms of the Versailles Treaty, which was imposed upon Germany following its defeat in World War I, by annexing Austria and the Sudetenland, a part of Czechoslovakia. In March of 1939, Hitler annexed the remainder of Czechoslovakia. His invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, resulted in World War II.</p> <h2>Training for “I’ll Be Seeing You”</h2> <p>Like thousands of young men his age, Shook wanted to serve his country in the armed forces. Following the attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Shook enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces and joined nine other young men, all in their twenties, at Drew Field, Florida, where they trained as a heavy bombardment unit. These men, who would ultimately comprise the ten-man crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You,” came from all over the country —California to Mississippi— and their backgrounds, religious beliefs, and levels of education were equally as varied. By the end of their training, however, they had forged a bond that transcended their differences. Garnett Akins, the wife of pilot Lt. Francis Akins, who had gotten to know Shook at Drew Field, described him as a tall, handsome man who enjoyed dancing, especially the popular jitterbug. She thought that he was a “gentle soul” and worried as to how he would cope with the sad and bitter memories of the war. Trained as a radio operator, Sgt. Shook was not only extremely competent but also had a sense of humor that his crewmates thoroughly appreciated.</p> <h2>Aid for the Warsaw Uprising of 1944</h2> <p>While training to drop bombs at Drew Field, neither Shook nor any of his crewmates could have imagined that one of their missions would involve dropping supplies instead of bombs. However, shortly after the young men arrived at an air base in Framlingham, England, to begin operations, the unimaginable did indeed happen. In mid-September of 1944, the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” and more than one hundred other B-17 crews were ordered to provide badly needed supplies to the Polish resistance, who had launched an uprising against the German forces that had occupied Poland since the beginning of the war. As the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” took off from a British airfield, not only did they begin an improbable military mission, but they also initiated an incredible story of bravery, heroism, and humanitarianism. Known as the Warsaw Uprising, the battle for the capital of Poland between the Polish Home Army and the Germans had begun on August 1, 1944. Although the Allies desperately wanted to help the Polish Home Army from the beginning of the struggle, the B-17s of the Army Air Forces needed to land on Soviet bases after a supply drop to the Poles. Distance and limited fuel prohibited a round-trip for the big birds to return to their bases in Great Britain. Joseph Stalin, the dictator of the Soviet Union, refused repeated appeals by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Prime Minister Winston Churchill to allow the Army Air Forces to use Soviet bases because he suspected the pro-western democratic agenda of the Poles. After bringing relations with his allies almost to the breaking point, Stalin reluctantly allowed the American B-17s to use his bases. However, he agreed only after he was reasonably certain the air drops would be insufficient to turn the tide of battle in favor of the Poles.</p> <h2>September 18, 1944</h2> <p>On the morning of September 18, 1944, “I’ll Be Seeing You” joined other B-17s of the 390th, 95th, and 100th Bombardment Groups in a 110 plane mission to Warsaw. Three of the B-17s had to return to their bases for technical reasons. P-51 Mustang fighter planes provided long-range escort for the bombers. As the Flying Fortresses approached their drop zones, the Germans launched intensive artillery barrages and fighter attacks. The Luftwaffe attacked from all points of the clock. One of the American airmen later recalled, “Jerry threw everything he had at us. We had a rough time of it.”<br /> Marcus Shook vividly remembered the horror of that day. The pilot of “I’ll Be Seeing You,” Lt. Francis Akins, was the first casualty. When Akins was struck by bullets from a ME-109, he reflexively gripped the steering column, while his co-pilot, Lt. Forrest Shaw, tried to pry his hands loose in order to steady the plane. Shaw’s scream over the radio—- “the cockpit’s full of blood!”—-made it graphically clear how desperate the situation was. When Shook saw that one of the B-17’s engines was on fire, he and two other members of the crew quickly removed their flak suits and strapped on their parachutes. When the right wing of the plane suddenly dipped to a ninety degree angle, Shook lost his balance and was pinned to the main body of the aircraft. After the co-pilot regained control of the plane, Shook and two of his crewmates, Sgt. James Christy and Sgt. Paul Haney, managed to reach the exit and bailed out of the aircraft.<br /> Shook’s parachute had barely opened when “I’ll Be Seeing You” exploded. He was so close to the plane that he temporarily lost consciousness. As Shook descended from the sky, German soldiers on the ground shot him in his left thigh and right leg. Sgt. Christy also reached the ground safely, apparently without wounds. Both men were captured by the Germans and became prisoners of war. Unfortunately, Sgt. Haney did not share their fate. Although Haney had waved a white handkerchief in a gesture of surrender while he was descending, he was shot and killed by a German soldier as he was nearing the ground in his parachute. A Polish witness to the downing of “I’ll Be Seeing You” later related, “I will never forget to the day I die the face of that young man, alive, so close to the ground, waving his handkerchief.”<br /> The Germans sent Shook to a field hospital for immediate treatment. Polish physicians, who were also prisoners of war, cared for him. For Shook, his experiences with the Poles as a prisoner of war marked the beginning of a lifetime of affection and admiration for the Polish people. Shook said, “I found them to be kind, accommodating, generous to a fault, and intensely interested in the United States, which made me want to stick them in my pocket and bring them home with me.”<br /> The remains of “I’ll Be Seeing You,” which was the only B-17 downed by the Germans during this historic mission, crashed at Dziekanow Lesny near Lomianki, a small town located nine miles from Warsaw. In addition to the death of the eight crew members, two fighter pilots, whose planes crashed elsewhere, also perished. Only 288 of the 1,284 canisters of supplies dropped by the B-17s reached Polish hands due to the bombers having to fly too high to drop their cargo with greater accuracy. In addition, the Poles controlled only small portions of the city of Warsaw, which limited the number of drop areas. The Germans eventually crushed the Warsaw Uprising and, on Hitler’s orders, razed the city to the ground. When the Russians resumed their stalled offensive and entered Warsaw, they saw little more than piles of rubble eerily dusted with snow.</p> <h2>“This is your day, Marcus.”</h2> <p>The citizens of Lomianki, Poland, never forgot the enormous sacrifice of the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You.” In the postwar years, they attempted to erect a monument to commemorate the courageous American flyers; however, the Polish Communist authorities delayed approval of the project. Finally, in 1986, the inhabitants of Lomianki erected a nine-foot granite monolith with the names of the ten crew members engraved on it in Kielpin Cemetery, where every year on September 18, a solemn ceremony remembers the heroic Americans.<br /> After the war, Marcus Shook returned home, reluctant to talk about his wartime experiences. He graduated from the University of Mississippi with a degree in accounting and had a successful career as an auditor for a major insurance company. Little did Shook realize that more than forty years after the tragic event he had experienced, he would be the most important person in an official American delegation to Poland. He was driving his car to California when he was stopped by a state trooper. Expecting to receive a speeding ticket, Shook was instead told to call the White House. “Whatever the officer did to convince Shook to call the White House put him in Communist Poland on September 18, 1987, with Vice President George H. W. Bush and Barbara Bush,” wrote Marcia Akins Evancheck, the daughter of Lt. Francis Akins, the pilot of “I’ll Be Seeing You.” As Shook and the Bushes slowly walked toward the impressive memorial to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Mrs. Bush gently urged Shook to walk ahead of her and her husband. She whispered, “This is your day, Marcus.” Indeed it was, for Marcus Shook was the last survivor of “I’ll Be Seeing You.” A final tribute to Marcus Shook came in 1994 when the city of Lomianki made him an honorary citizen. He died of cancer in 1995, enduring his last battle as a member of America’s “Greatest Generation” with the courage and dignity he had exhibited during his entire life. Marcus Shook is buried in a family plot located in his hometown of Belmont, Mississippi.</p> <p><em>Richard C. Lukas, Ph.D., is a retired professor of history who taught European history at universities in Florida, Ohio, and Tennessee. He is the author of eight books as well as articles, reviews, and commentaries. Since his retirement, he has served as a freelance writer for a variety of publications. Dr. Lukas has a private collection containing original letters, reports, photographs and other memorabilia relating to the aircraft, crew, and family members of “I’ll Be Seeing You.” He is also a valuable resource for other primary source collections related to “I’ll Be Seeing You” as well as other topics.</em></p> <h2>Other Mississippi History Now articles about World War II:</h2> <p><a href="/issue/fox-conner-a-general-s-general" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Fox Conner: A General’s General</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/the-effects-of-world-war-II-on-mississippis-economy" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Not Just Farms Anymore: The Effects of World War II on Mississippi Economy</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/german-prisoners-of-war-in-mississippi-1943-1946" rel="noopener" target="_blank">German Prisoners of War in Mississippi, 1943-1946</a></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources and suggested readings:</h3> <p>Conversino, Mark J. <em>Fighting with the Soviets: The Failure of Operation Frantic, 1944-1945.</em> Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997.</p> <p>Davies, Norman. <em>Rising ’44: The Battle for Warsaw.</em> New York: Penguin Books, 2005.</p> <p>“I’ll Be Seeing You” Collection. Richard C. Lukas, Jensen Beach, Florida. An unpublished collection containing letters, reports, photographs, recollections, and other documents relating to the family and crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You.”</p> <p>Lukas, Richard C. <em>Did the Children Cry? Hitler’s War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945.</em> New York: Hippocrene Books, 1994.</p> <p>Lukas, Richard C. <em>Eagles East: The Army Air Forces and the Soviet Union, 1944-1945.</em> Tallahassee: Florida State University Press, 1970.</p> <p>Lukas, Richard C. <em>The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939-1944.</em> New York: Hippocrene Books, 2012.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1058.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Marcus Shook. 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Courtesy of the 390th Memorial Museum, Tucson, Arizona." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1059.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” training at Drew Army Airfield, Tampa, Florida. Pictured left to right (kneeling): Walter Shimshock, Dan Weinberg (later replaced by George MacPhee), Paul Haney, and Frank DeCillis. Left to right (standing): Marcus Shook, Francis Akins, Forrest Shaw, and Myron Merrill. Not pictured: Vince Stefanek. 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Courtesy of Jerzy Szczesniak." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7150-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Polish Home Army fighters smiling and cheering as they watch the American supply drop. Courtesy of Jerzy Szczesniak.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Polish Home Army&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1062.jpg" width="1773" height="1201" alt="Polish Home Army" title="Polish Home Army fighters smiling and cheering as they watch the American supply drop. Courtesy of Jerzy Szczesniak." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1063.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Polish Home Army fighters in City Center fold a parachute after detaching a canister of supplies. Courtesy of Jerzy Szczesniak.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Polish Army Parachute&quot;}" role="button" title="Polish Home Army fighters in City Center fold a parachute after detaching a canister of supplies. Courtesy of Jerzy Szczesniak." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7150-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Polish Home Army fighters in City Center fold a parachute after detaching a canister of supplies. Courtesy of Jerzy Szczesniak.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Polish Army Parachute&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1063.jpg" width="1769" height="1185" alt="Polish Army Parachute" title="Polish Home Army fighters in City Center fold a parachute after detaching a canister of supplies. Courtesy of Jerzy Szczesniak." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1064.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Monument&quot;}" role="button" title="Monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7150-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Monument&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1064.jpg" width="1191" height="1765" alt="Monument" title="Monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1065.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Plaque on the monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Plaque&quot;}" role="button" title="Plaque on the monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7150-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Plaque on the monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Plaque&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1065.jpg" width="1777" height="1181" alt="Plaque" title="Plaque on the monument to the crew of “I’ll Be Seeing You” in Kielpin Cemetery, Lomianki, Poland. Courtesy of Richard C. Lukas." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 19 Oct 2016 16:03:12 +0000 usnext 7150 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov