Civil War &amp; Reconstruction http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/ en Mississippi and the Lost Cause Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/mississippi-and-lost-cause-lesson-plan <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mississippi and the Lost Cause Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">kbaker</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 06/30/2023 - 14:55</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2 style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><strong>Curricular Connections</strong></h2> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><strong>Mississippi State Standards</strong></p> <h2 style="margin-bottom: 11px;">7th Grade Compacted</h2> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW86535147 BCX9" paraeid="{bb88f9b0-0880-4f11-a52b-32a3478f5e8a}{184}" paraid="1271384704" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">7C.13 | U.S. History Analyze the Reconstruction efforts in the post-Civil War United States. 2. Analyze southern resistance to Reconstruction reforms (e.g., Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, Ku Klux Klan, etc.).</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> <h2>US History: Exploration through Reconstruction (1877)</h2> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">8.10 Analyze the Reconstruction efforts in the post-Civil War United States. 2. Analyze southern resistance to Reconstruction reforms (e.g., Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, Ku Klux Klan, etc.).</span></span></p> <h2>Mississippi Studies</h2> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">MS.6 Analyz</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">e the role of Mississippi during the Civil War and evaluate the effects of Reconstruction in the state.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></p> <h2>US History: 1877 to Present </h2> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">USH 1 | Westward Expansion and the New South Trace how economic developments and the westward movement impacted regional differences and democracy in the post-Reconstruction era.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></p> <h2>African American Studies</h2> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">AAS.4 Evaluate the roles of African Americans during the Civil War and Reconstruction. 3. Analyze the effects of Reconstruction on the legal, political, social, cultural, educational, and economic life of freedmen. 4. Assess the successes and failures of Reconstruction as they relate to African Americans (e.g., forty acres and a mule, voting, Clinton Massacre, etc.).</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></p> <h2>Problems in American Democracy</h2> <p><span class="TextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">PAD.6 Analyze the effectiveness of Reconstruction policies in the United States following the Civil War. 3. Assess efforts by former Confederate states to disenfranchise black voters during the late 1800s including the use of poll taxes and literacy tests. 4. Assess economic and cultural conditions in the North that impacted Reconstruction policies.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW86535147 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></p> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW86535147 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h2 class="Paragraph SCXW86535147 BCX9" paraeid="{bb88f9b0-0880-4f11-a52b-32a3478f5e8a}{250}" paraid="1278503268" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"> </h2> <h2>Pre-Reading</h2> <h6><a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/cotton-and-the-civil-war">https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/cotton-and-the-civil-war</a> Cotton and the Civil War</h6> <h6><a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-road-to-war-1846-1860">https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-road-to-war-1846-1860</a> The Road to War</h6> <h6><a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/reconstruction-in-mississippi-1865-1876">https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/reconstruction-in-mississippi-1865-1876</a> Reconstruction in Mississippi</h6> <h6><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/first-black-legislators-mississippi">https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/first-black-legislators-mississippi</a> The First Black Legislators in Mississippi</h6> <h6><a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/overviews/myths-and-representations/">https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/overviews/myths-and-representations/</a> Myths and Representations</h6> <p> </p> <p> </p> <h2>Vocabulary</h2> <h6><strong>Bold print indicates history-specific content.</strong></h6> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{167}" paraid="738692707" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">1. Vindicate</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: to clear someone of blame or suspicion. </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{178}" paraid="1439872615" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">2. Ideology</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: a systematic body of concepts especially about human life or culture</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{186}" paraid="256012804" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">3. Benign</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">having no significant effect</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{196}" paraid="2099318767" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">4. Paternal</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: received or inherited from one's male parent</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{204}" paraid="1949654089" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">5. Lynching</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">to put to death by mob action without legal approval or permission</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{214}" paraid="1286607968" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">6. Ordinance of Secession (Mississippi)</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: Mississippi was the second state to secede from the United States on January 9, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">1861</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">,</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> and one of the states to declare the formation of the Confederacy on February 8, 1861. The state's declaration of secession provides one of the clearest connections between secession and slavery.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{228}" paraid="1496523999" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">7. Illustrious</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: notably or brilliantly outstanding because of dignity or achievements or actions</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{236}" paraid="1797075366" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">8. Propagated</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or greater area</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{244}" paraid="1261109280" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">9. Sanguinary</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: attended by bloodshed</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{cf656c5a-709b-419b-a87d-dc3ce60ee7e4}{252}" paraid="547552148" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">10. Rectitude</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: the quality or state of being correct in judgment or procedure</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{5}" paraid="1408526077" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">11. United Daughters of the Confederacy</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">American neo-Confederate hereditary association for female descendants of Confederate Civil War soldiers engaging in the commemoration of these ancestors and the funding of monuments to them.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{15}" paraid="214569540" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">12. Codified</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">arranged according to a code or system</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{25}" paraid="1640119738" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">13. Brutish</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">:</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> resembling, befitting, or typical of a brute or beast</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{35}" paraid="1632964619" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">14. Degenerate</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: having sunk to a condition below that which is normal to a type</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{43}" paraid="1500712358" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">15. Marauders</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: one who roams from place to place making attacks and raids in search of plunder</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> </div> <div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; letter-spacing: normal; overflow: visible; clear: both; font-family: &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, &quot;Segoe UI Web&quot;, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; white-space: normal; position: relative; cursor: text; direction: ltr; orphans: 2; widows: 2; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; -webkit-user-drag: none; text-decoration-thickness: initial;"> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{51}" paraid="1676394253" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="TextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-contrast="auto" lang="EN-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; font-variant-ligatures: none; -webkit-user-drag: none;" xml:lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">16. Iteration</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW69618083 BCX9" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">: a procedure in which repetition of a sequence of operations yields results successively closer to a desired result</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"> </span></h6> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{51}" paraid="1676394253" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"> </h6> <h6 class="Paragraph SCXW69618083 BCX9" paraeid="{5dd4d962-4de4-450d-a432-29210215a090}{51}" paraid="1676394253" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; color: windowtext; text-indent: 0px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: transparent; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; overflow-wrap: break-word; -webkit-user-drag: none; font-kerning: none;"><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;"><strong>Vocabulary Activity: Word Personalities</strong></span></h6> <h6><span class="EOP SCXW69618083 BCX9" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:259}" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; line-height: 20.5px; font-family: Cambria, Cambria_EmbeddedFont, Cambria_MSFontService, serif; font-size: 12pt; user-select: text; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; -webkit-user-drag: none;">Place students in pairs and give each pair one vocabulary word. Each pair should create a Twitter profile and news feed for their word. The pairs should then share the definition and Twitter information with the class.</span></h6> <p> </p> <h2>Article Introduction</h2> </div> </div> <h6 style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri">After the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865, many Southerners desired to reconstruct the narrative of their succession—feeling the need to justify their disloyalty to their country, the devastation of their land, and the death of their people. As a result of this attempt to reinterpret history, the Lost Cause ideology was created to frame the Confederate cause in a positive light. Some of the more prominent myths that advocates of the Lost Cause worked to create were: </font></font></h6> <ul><li style="margin-bottom: 11px;"> <h6><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri">The Civil War was not fought over the issue of </font></font><font color="#000000" face="Calibri">slavery.</font></h6> </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px;"> <h6><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri">Robert E. Lee detested slavery.</font></font></h6> </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px;"> <h6><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri">Enslavement was not brutal.</font></font></h6> </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px;"> <h6><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri">The North only won because of their resources.</font></font></h6> </li> <li style="margin-bottom: 11px;"> <h6><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri">Removing Confederate memorials erases history.</font></font></h6> </li> </ul><h6 style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri">None of these myths were true. “Mississippi and the Lost Cause” by Michael J. Goleman goes further into the Lost Cause ideology and the implications of this harmful portrayal of history. In the attached article, Goleman provides evidence against the Lost Cause and examples of the way that the Lost Cause pervades the present-day United States. By understanding Goleman’s article and the importance of acknowledging the false mythology of the Lost Cause, we can better grasp how our past has shaped our current society by accurately studying the past and the institutions implemented to maintain White supremacy.</font></font></h6> <p> </p> <h2>Questions</h2> <ol><li> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">What are the myths of the Lost Cause?<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h6> </li> <li> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">How did Lost Cause writers portray slavery, secession, the Civil War, and Reconstruction?<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h6> </li> <li> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Aside from historical writing influenced to support the Lost Cause, how else was the Lost Cause ideology spread?<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h6> </li> <li> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Who were the leaders in the spread of the Lost Cause?<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h6> </li> <li> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">How do we know that slavery was the primary cause of the Civil War?<span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h6> </li> <li> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Why is the Lost Cause mythology false and harmful?</span></span></span></span></span></h6> </li> </ol><h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><strong>Possible Student Answers:</strong></span></span></span></span></span></h6> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. The myths of the Lost Cause are that the Civil War was about state’s rights, not enslavement; enslaved people were loyal to their masters</span></span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">; the practice of slavery would have ended soon after the war anyway; the North won because of greater resources; Robert E. Lee was a great leader who opposed enslavement.</span></span></span></span></span></h6> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. “Described slavery as a benign paternal institution”; “focused on political disputed over state’s rights-ignoring the fact the rights in question concerned slavery”; praised confederate soldiers; criticized reconstruction; worked to oppress the Black population during and after Reconstruction.</span></span></span></span></span></h6> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. The Lost Cause ideology was spread through monument building to memorialize Confederate heroes, films, parades, events, etc.</span></span></span></span></span></h6> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. Jefferson Davis; the Daughters of The Confederacy; White Southerners; etc.</span></span></span></span></span></h6> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">5. The Mississippi Ordinance of Secession (January 1861) says, “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world”, and Alexander Stephens, Confederate vice president, identified slavery as “the immediate cause” of the Civil War. – These Confederate figures and texts have explicitly said that their interest in the war was founded in the continuance of the institution of slavery. We can use this historical evidence to better understand the true interests of the people who lived during the Civil War era.</span></span></span></span></span></h6> <h6><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-family: &quot;Calibri&quot;,sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">6. By reckoning with the false ideology of the Lost Cause, we can better understand American history, and the brutality of the system of enslavement and its enduring legacy. We can learn how our past has shaped our society by accurately studying the past and the institutions to preserve the status quo.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h6> <div> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div> <div id="_com_1" language="JavaScript"> <h6><a name="_msocom_1" id="_msocom_1"></a></h6> <h6 style="margin-bottom: 11px;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><font color="#000000"><font face="Calibri"> </font></font></span></h6> </div> </div> </div> <p style="margin-bottom: 11px;"> </p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Meredith Kent and Kari Baker</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/mississippi-and-lost-cause" hreflang="en">Mississippi and the Lost Cause</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 30 Jun 2023 19:55:02 +0000 kbaker 7196 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Mississippi and the Lost Cause http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/mississippi-and-lost-cause <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mississippi and the Lost Cause</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/2" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">kbaker</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 06/30/2023 - 14:10</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> August 2023 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Michael J. Goleman <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In the aftermath of the Civil War, White Southerners rewrote history in an attempt to vindicate their violent rebellion against the United States. They developed and promoted an ideology known as the Lost Cause. Historian Ty Seidule defined “the Lost Cause myths: the Civil War was about state’s rights, not slavery; enslaved people were loyal; slavery would have ended soon after the war anyway; the North won because of greater resources; and Robert E. Lee was a great warrior who opposed slavery.” None of these myths are true, but they successfully infiltrated American culture and were accepted as fact into the twenty-first century.</p> <p>Lost Cause historical writings reinforced the myths of the Lost Cause and tried to justify slavery, secession, the Civil War, and efforts to resist Reconstruction. Many of these writings are contained in the fourteen volume series <em>Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society</em> (1898-1914) with contributions from historians, memoirists, and essayists. Mississippi’s Lost Cause writers went to great lengths to describe slavery as a benign paternal institution where masters cared for their slaves as they did their family. Writers often lauded antebellum slavery as the gentlest form of servitude in history. In describing the cause of the Civil War, Lost Cause writers focused on political disputes over states’ rights, ignoring the fact that the rights in question concerned slavery. They praised the valiant efforts of supposedly superior Confederate officers and soldiers and blamed their military defeat on a lack of adequate resources. Promoters of the Lost Cause criticized Reconstruction—a time when freedmen gained the vote and became politically active—as a period of darkness and turmoil within the state. Furthermore, they characterized the Ku Klux Klan as a noble institution trying to restore the South’s former glory and protect White virtue. Lost Cause authors played down or ignored the horrors of slavery, minimized the fight to preserve the institution, and supported efforts during Reconstruction to oppress the Black population through intimidation, violence, and lynching.</p> <p>Confederate president Jefferson Davis was the leading proponent of the Lost Cause with his two-volume work <em>The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government</em> in 1881. He falsely claimed that the Civil War resulted from a dispute over states’ rights, not slavery. Davis ignored the role of slavery as the prevailing issue. In fact, he described slavery as “the mildest and most humane of all institutions to which the name ‘slavery’ has ever been applied.” In his telling, slavery “was far from being the cause of the conflict.” The truth is found in Mississippi’s Ordinance of Secession from January 1861, in which delegates declared, “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery—the greatest material interest of the world.” Two months later, Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens of Georgia agreed in a famous speech in which he identified slavery as “the immediate cause” of the war.</p> <p>Lost Cause advocates wanted their perspective of Southern history—the one that ignored both the central role of slavery and President Abraham Lincoln’s “proposition that all men are created equal”—to prevail among future generations. In an address at Franklin Female College in Holly Springs, Judge Jeremiah Watkins Clapp, a former plantation owner and Mississippi state senator, urged the students “to see to it that our children shall not, at school or at home, shape their ideas or acquire their information and impressions from books or other sources of character calculated to poison their minds and their hearts and teach them lessons of humiliation and shame.” He continued, “There is much danger, unless these books are made to represent facts as they appear from a Southern standpoint.” He further advised that Mississippi’s White children should be taught “to think and feel that they are descended from an illustrious line of ancestry, and that the noblest blood that has ever coursed through Americans veins has been that that was warmed by Southern suns.”</p> <p>In addition to historical writing, Southern White leaders propagated Lost Cause themes through monument building and memorializing Confederate heroes. In 1866, Governor Benjamin Humphreys encouraged historical societies in the state “to preserve the memorials of the recent sanguinary struggle [and preserve] durable records in the form of maps, charts and diagrams of the movements and counter movements of both armies, together with the heroic part acted by our brave people, [so it] will be transmitted to posterity, to whom we appeal for the vindication of the truth of history and the rectitude of our cause.” The Mississippi Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, organized on April 1, 1897, led many of the efforts to erect dozens of monuments throughout the state. In addition, they influenced the teaching of history in schools to preserve the vision of the Lost Cause.</p> <p>Most of the state’s monuments emerged during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when White Mississippians established Jim Crow laws that severely restricted the rights of the Black citizenry. Jim Crow laws in Mississippi codified segregation, adopted a poll tax for voting, and unequally distributed education funds to White schools. The monuments stood as a symbol of this White supremacist order that had overturned Reconstruction efforts to grant equality under the law and Black male suffrage.</p> <p>As the twentieth century progressed, more dangerous Lost Cause tenets started to emerge at the expense of Black Americans. Popular films such as <em>The Birth of a Nation</em> (1915) and <em>Gone with the Wind</em> (1939) brought Lost Cause tropes into the mainstream. They portrayed slaves as content in slavery on idyllic plantations, but also as brutish as freedmen following emancipation. <em>The Birth of a Nation</em> glorified the Ku Klux Klan as defenders of Southern tradition and culture in the wake of the Civil War and Black men as degenerate marauders intent on defiling Southern women. The film’s popularity led to a resurgence of the Klan in the 1920s when its membership nationwide swelled to upwards of five million. While the Klan was not as strong in Mississippi during its second iteration, a number of White people sympathized with the organization and their racial attitudes.</p> <p>The Lost Cause myths contributed to many Americans being misinformed about the Civil War and its legacy. These distortions supported the belief that White people are a superior race. These beliefs infected the entire nation, North and South, causing lasting damage by reinforcing racism. The cause of the Confederacy was not noble because it supported slavery. Any honest reckoning with American history requires repudiation of the Lost Cause myths.</p> <p>Generations of American students were taught a Lost Cause mythology that masked the hard truth about the Civil War – that it was fought to preserve slavery. This Lost Cause ideology was designed to glorify the Confederate cause and to reinforce White supremacy. An honest reckoning with American history requires that students dismiss the Lost Cause mythology and understand the brutality of the slave system and its enduring legacy.</p> <p><em>Mike Goleman is the Department Chair of Humanities, Fine Arts, Social Sciences at Somerset Community College in Somerset, Kentucky. He earned a master's and Ph.D. in history at Mississippi State University.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><p>Karen Cox, <em>Dixie’s Daughters: The United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Preservation of Confederate Culture</em>. University Press of Florida, 2003.</p> <p>Edward R. Crowther, ed. <em>The Enduring Lost Cause: Afterlives of a Redeemer Nation</em>. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 2020.</p> <p>Jefferson Davis, <em>The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government</em>, 2 vols. New York: Thomas Yoseloff, 1881; 1958.</p> <p>Gaines M. Foster, <em>Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South</em>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.</p> <p>Michael J. Goleman, <em>Your Heritage Will Still Remain: Racial Identity and Mississippi’s Lost Cause</em>. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2017.</p> <p>Sally Leigh McWhite, “Echoes of the Lost Cause: Civil War Reverberations in Mississippi from 1865 to 2001.” Ph.D. diss., University of Mississippi, 2003.</p> <p>Franklin L. Riley, ed., <em>Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society</em>, 14 vols. University, MS: Printed for the Society, 1898-1914.</p> <p>Ty Seidule, <em>Robert E. Lee and Me: A Southerner’s Reckoning with the Myth of the Lost Cause</em>. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2020</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2023-07/lost%20cause%201.png" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. The parade was over six miles long and boasted more than 3,000 men dressed as Confederate soldiers. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. &quot;}" role="button" title="Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. The parade was over six miles long and boasted more than 3,000 men dressed as Confederate soldiers. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7195-1YT0T5Nuak4" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. The parade was over six miles long and boasted more than 3,000 men dressed as Confederate soldiers. 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Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2023-07/raymond%201.png" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Confederate monument unveiled April 28, 1908, in Raymond, Mississippi. The Nathan Bedford Forrest Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsored the monument. Image courtesy of the Cooper Postcard Collection at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Confederate monument unveiled April 28, 1908, in Raymond, MS. Frank Teich completed the base stonework and Frederick Hibbard created the bronze plaque. The Nathan Bedford Forrest Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsored the monument.&quot;}" role="button" title="Confederate monument unveiled April 28, 1908, in Raymond, Mississippi. The Nathan Bedford Forrest Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsored the monument. Image courtesy of the Cooper Postcard Collection at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7195-1YT0T5Nuak4" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Confederate monument unveiled April 28, 1908, in Raymond, Mississippi. The Nathan Bedford Forrest Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsored the monument. Image courtesy of the Cooper Postcard Collection at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Confederate monument unveiled April 28, 1908, in Raymond, MS. Frank Teich completed the base stonework and Frederick Hibbard created the bronze plaque. The Nathan Bedford Forrest Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsored the monument.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2023-07/raymond%201.png" width="261" height="400" alt="Confederate monument unveiled April 28, 1908, in Raymond, MS. Frank Teich completed the base stonework and Frederick Hibbard created the bronze plaque. The Nathan Bedford Forrest Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsored the monument." title="Confederate monument unveiled April 28, 1908, in Raymond, Mississippi. The Nathan Bedford Forrest Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy sponsored the monument. Image courtesy of the Cooper Postcard Collection at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2023-07/MHS.png" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The Lost Cause was perpetuated in some of the early publications of the Mississippi Historical Society. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society&quot;}" role="button" title="The Lost Cause was perpetuated in some of the early publications of the Mississippi Historical Society. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7195-1YT0T5Nuak4" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The Lost Cause was perpetuated in some of the early publications of the Mississippi Historical Society. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2023-07/MHS.png" width="260" height="398" alt="Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society" title="The Lost Cause was perpetuated in some of the early publications of the Mississippi Historical Society. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/sites/default/files/2023-07/lost%20cause%206.png" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. View of Daughters of Confederacy. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. View of Daughters of Confederacy.&quot;}" role="button" title="Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. View of Daughters of Confederacy. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7195-1YT0T5Nuak4" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. View of Daughters of Confederacy. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. View of Daughters of Confederacy.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2023-07/lost%20cause%206.png" width="1110" height="400" alt="Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. View of Daughters of Confederacy." title="Civil War Centennial Parade, Jackson, Mississippi, March 28, 1961. View of Daughters of Confederacy. Image courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/mississippi-and-lost-cause-lesson-plan" hreflang="en">Mississippi and the Lost Cause Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 30 Jun 2023 19:10:35 +0000 kbaker 7195 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The First Black Legislators in Mississippi Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7188 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The First Black Legislators in Mississippi Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/first-black-legislators-mississippi" hreflang="en">The First Black Legislators in Mississippi</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">brogers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 07/19/2022 - 16:47</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Explore important Black legislators and events during the Reconstruction period. </div> <div class="field__item">Use prior knowledge of the Civil War and its outcomes.</div> <div class="field__item">Analyze the article’s terminology through discussion and individual research.</div> <div class="field__item">Synthesize information to answer the questions.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Mandatory: Computer/Tablet with internet access</div> <div class="field__item">Optional: Printed article, writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h2>Mississippi Studies</h2> <ul><li>MS.7 - Examine the economic, political and social changes in post Reconstruction Mississippi.</li> </ul><h2>US History</h2> <ul><li>Seventh Grade Compacted: 7C.15 Analyze the Reconstruction efforts in post-Civil War America.</li> <li>Eighth Grade: 8.10 Analyze the Reconstruction efforts in post-Civil War America.</li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 8-12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item">Students will read “The First Black Legislators in Mississippi” and have a knowledge of the Civil War and its outcomes. Teacher may use preparation articles listed above if needed.</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li>The teacher will briefly discuss the Civil War and its outcomes, reminding students about the need for reconstruction of physical buildings, the state’s governmental structure, and relationships of the people that remained in Mississippi. </li> <li>The teacher will review the vocabulary with the students clearing up any questions or misunderstandings of terminology. </li> <li>Allow students to answer questions from the article. It is the teacher’s discretion to allow the students to work individually or in small groups and share out with the class. </li> </ol><h2 style="margin-bottom: 11px;">Vocabulary</h2> <p><strong>Legislature:</strong> an organized body having the authority to make laws.                   </p> <p><strong>Reconstruction:</strong> in U.S. history, the period (1865–77), that followed the American Civil War and attempted to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/legacy" rel="noopener" target="_blank">legacy</a> and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war.                                                      </p> <p><strong>Freedmen:</strong> a person freed from slavery                                                                        </p> <p><strong>Provisional:</strong> serving for the time being: temporary                                                     </p> <p><strong>Carpetbagger:</strong> a Northerner in the South after the American Civil War usually seeking to profit from Reconstruction                                            </p> <p><strong>Enfranchise:</strong>  to admit to the privileges of a citizen and especially to the right of suffrage or to admit (a municipality) to political privileges or rights</p> <p><strong>Ratified:</strong> to approve and sanction formally: confirm</p> <p><strong>Enduring:</strong> lasting, durable</p> <p><strong>Coalition:</strong>  the act of coalescing: union</p> <p><strong>Mississippi Plan:</strong> The Plan, devised by the white-American Democratic Party, intended to overthrow the Republican Party by organized violence in order to redeem the state of Mississippi. Democrats in South Carolina and Louisiana also adopted the Mississippi Plan.</p> <p><strong>Lynching:</strong> to put to death, especially by hanging, by mob action and without legal authority</p> <p><strong>Acquaintance:</strong> a person one knows, but who is not a particularly close friend</p> <p><strong>Gallant:</strong> nobly chivalrous and often self-sacrificing</p> <p><strong>Docile:</strong> easily led or managed </p> <p><strong>Notorious:</strong> widely and unfavorably known</p> <p><strong>Impeachment:</strong> to charge with a crime or misdemeanor<br /> specifically: to charge (a public official) before a competent tribunal with misconduct in office</p> <p><strong>Poll taxes:</strong>  Begun in the 1890s as a legal way to keep African Americans from voting in southern states, poll taxes were essentially a voting fee. Eligible voters were required to pay their poll tax before they could cast a ballot.</p> <p><strong>Literacy tests: </strong>Proponents of tests to prove an applicant’s ability to read and understand English claimed that the exams ensured an educated and informed electorate. In practice, they disqualified immigrants and the poor, who had less education. In the South, they prevented African Americans from registering to vote.</p> <p><strong>Lost Cause Narrative:</strong> A false narrative that denies slavery as the central cause of the Civil War, romanticizes the Confederacy, and supports white supremacy</p> <h2>Questions</h2> <ol><li>What led to the rise of Black legislators in the years of Reconstruction?</li> <li>The state legislature of Mississippi elected Hiram Revels to the United States Senate in 1870. Why is this considered such a milestone?</li> <li>What was the number one priority of the legislators writing the 1868 Constitution?</li> <li>What were some of the acts of violence that occurred in 1875 to cause black legislators to leave their offices and some even the South?</li> <li>What happened to unofficially end Reconstruction in Mississippi?</li> <li>What effects did the Constitution of 1890 have on both black and white men in Mississippi?</li> </ol><h2>Possible Student Answers</h2> <ol><li>States were required to integrate freedmen as equal citizens under the Reconstruction Act of 1867.</li> <li>Revels was the first African American elected to the Senate nationally, from a state steeped in racial inequality.</li> <li>Education, more specifically a uniform system of free public schools.</li> <li>Dozens of African Americans were killed during the Clinton Riots and several state legislators were murdered without penalty.</li> <li>The Conservative Democrats had succeeded in garnering almost all of the legislative offices in the election of 1875. Black men held only 4 seats in the Senate and 24 seats in the House of Representatives.</li> <li>Black men were completely blocked and not allowed to participate in government, while wealthy land owning white men had all the rights and privileges they wanted. Poor white men regressed, with 42,000 losing the right or means to vote.</li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/mississippi-constitution-of-1868" target="_blank">Mississippi Constitution of 1868</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://much-ado.net/legislators/legislators/isham-stewart/isham-stewart-editorial/" target="_blank">Isham Stewart editorial from the Macon Beacon</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/wwi/great-migration" target="_blank">The First Great Migration (1910-1940)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-clinton-riot-of-1875-from-riot-to-massacre" target="_blank">Clinton Riot of 1875</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lost-Cause" target="_blank">Lost Cause Narrative </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Kari Baker</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/15" hreflang="en">Governors and Senators</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/23" hreflang="en">Mississippi Government</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/overviews/civil-war/" target="_blank">Civil War</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/reconstruction-in-mississippi-1865-1876" target="_blank">Reconstruction</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 19 Jul 2022 21:47:38 +0000 brogers 7188 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The First Black Legislators in Mississippi http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/first-black-legislators-mississippi <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The First Black Legislators in Mississippi</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/116" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">brogers</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 06/24/2022 - 08:44</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> July 2022 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by DeeDee Baldwin <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/9" hreflang="en">African American</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>In 2022, more than fifty African Americans were serving in the Mississippi State Legislature, carrying on the legacy of the first Black men who served there in 1870. Mississippi’s first Black legislators were farmers and lawyers, barbers and blacksmiths, teachers and ministers. Some had always known freedom, while others were born into slavery. Some were highly educated elsewhere, and others had never been taught to read because the law in Mississippi forbade it. Many came to Mississippi to help build a more just government, and many were driven out by violence only a few years later.</p> <p><strong>Reconstruction Begins</strong></p> <p>What was this new political world that made Black men’s rapid rise to power possible? After the Civil War, Southern states like Mississippi, as a condition of being readmitted to the Union, were required under the federal Reconstruction Act of 1867 to enter a period known as <a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/reconstruction-in-mississippi-1865-1876">Reconstruction</a>, which was intended to integrate freedmen as equal citizens, to restore the allegiance of people who had fought against the United States, and to start rebuilding the South’s devastated economy.</p> <p>For Reconstruction in Mississippi, 1868 was a significant year. President Andrew Johnson appointed <a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/adelbert-ames-twenty-seventh-and-thirtieth-governor-of-mississippi-1868-18701874-1876">Adelbert Ames</a> as the state’s provisional governor. Ames, a former Union general who was much despised by many White Mississippians and labeled a “carpetbagger,” supported the political enfranchisement of Black men. That same year, three-fourths of the states ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It recognized the full citizenship of all formerly enslaved people and granted them equal protection under the law. Finally, the <a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-constitution-of-1868">Mississippi Constitution of 1868</a>, written by a convention in Jackson of seventy-eight White and sixteen Black men, empowered Black men to vote and, consequently, to hold local, statewide, and national offices. The 1870 ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment solidified on a national level the right of all men to vote, regardless of race.</p> <p>Because African Americans made up 55 percent of Mississippi’s population, White opposition could not prevent the election of Black men to office. However, it is important to note that Mississippi never had a Black governor nor did African American men ever comprise a majority in the state legislature. The first Black state legislators, elected in the late fall of 1869, took their seats in January of 1870 with five men in the Senate (14 percent) and thirty-five men (47 percent) in the House of Representatives. James D. Lynch had been elected Secretary of State the year before, and Mississippi would soon be sending the first Black man to the U.S. Senate with the election of Hiram Revels. Having enfranchised Black men and created a new constitution, as required by the federal Reconstruction Act, Mississippi was officially readmitted to the United States in February of 1870. “Radical Reconstruction” (a term used by conservative White politicians and journalists to invoke fear and distrust of the progressive Republican faction) had truly begun, and for many people who had been enslaved only a few years before, it was a time of great promise and new opportunity.</p> <p><strong>Black Representation in the Mississippi Legislature</strong></p> <p>Some of the legislators, such as Isham Stewart of Noxubee County who was first a representative and later a senator, had been enslaved and never had the opportunity to learn to read or write. White newspaper reporters seized upon this fact as evidence of the new legislators’ ignorance and unfitness for office, mocking the men for the very illiteracy that had been forced upon them by law. Many of the first African American legislators had been born free and were educated, including Lowndes County’s Jesse F. Boulden, Madison County’s James J. Spelman, and Warren County’s Thomas W. Stringer, who was a delegate to the 1868 constitutional convention. Others had been born into slavery but nevertheless managed to attain educations for themselves. One example was representative and future lieutenant governor Alexander K. Davis.</p> <p>In fact, Mississippi’s Reconstruction legislators valued education and made it their top priority. Article VIII of the 1868 constitution established “a uniform system of free public schools, by taxation or otherwise, for all children between the ages of five and twenty-one years.” State senator George Washington Albright of Marshall County later recalled to the <em>Daily Worker</em> in 1937: “Before the Civil War there wasn’t a free school in the state, but under the Reconstruction government, we built them in every county, 40 in Marshall County alone. We paid to have every child, Negro and white, schooled equally.” Whites, too, knew the value of education; schoolteachers, especially those who had come from the North, were frequent targets of threats and violence. In the end, public education in Mississippi would be the most enduring legacy of the Reconstruction legislators.</p> <p>Another top priority for the new African American officeholders was civil rights. Delegates to the 1868 state constitutional convention were mocked in White newspapers for insisting that journalists refer to them as “Mr.” as they did with White legislators. With their new legislative power, this Republican coalition of legislators passed a civil rights bill in 1873. Hannibal C. Carter of Warren County said of the bill’s passage, as quoted in the <em>New National Era</em> of March 6, 1873: “This is, indeed, the proudest moment of my life . . . I cannot find words to express the feelings of my heart.”</p> <p>Republican politicians rather quickly divided into two camps during the early 1870s. White men supported more moderate candidates, such as <a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/james-lusk-alcorn-twenty-eighth-governor-of-mississippi-march-1870-to-november-1871">James L. Alcorn</a>, who served as governor from 1870 to 1871 before being appointed to the U.S. Senate. Alcorn was born in the North but moved to Mississippi in the 1840s and enslaved nearly a hundred people. Black men tended to support candidates who pushed for civil rights and demanded more representation in the state’s higher offices, refusing to be pawns for the political advancement of White men.</p> <p>The 1874-75 legislative term saw the height of African American influence in state government. This legislature is the one that elected Branche K. Bruce as the first African American to serve a full six-year term in the U.S. Senate. (Prior to the 17th Amendment ratified in 1913, U.S. senators were chosen by state legislatures.) Adelbert Ames had won another term as governor. Although he was White, this former Union officer and Maine native supported Black political power. Alexander K. Davis of Noxubee County served as lieutenant governor, one of the first Black men in the country to hold this position. James Hill was the secretary of state, a position Black men held in Mississippi from 1869 to 1878. Isaac D. Shadd (brother of the trailblazing journalist, lawyer, and activist <a href="https://www.nps.gov/people/mary-ann-shadd-cary.htm">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a>) presided as Speaker of the House. Ten Black men (28 percent) served in the Senate, and fifty-nine (79 percent) in the House of Representatives.</p> <p><strong>"Redemption" and the End of Reconstruction</strong></p> <p>The backlash from White Democrats was fierce. As part of their “Mississippi Plan” to regain political control, voter intimidation and violence reached a fever pitch in 1875. The statewide violence peaked with the bloody <a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/the-clinton-riot-of-1875-from-riot-to-massacre">Clinton riot</a> on September 4 and its aftermath, in which dozens of African Americans were killed. On October 20, James G. Patterson, a teacher and state representative from Yazoo County, was attacked and hanged by a mob after being accused (almost certainly falsely) of hiring a man to commit murder. Before he died, Patterson withdrew some money from his pocket and asked the leader of the mob to promise to send it to his sisters in Ohio, as Patterson was paying for their schooling. According to the <em>Wisconsin State Journal</em> of August 12, 1878, which published a lengthy account of Patterson’s lynching, “Within a week one of the leaders of the crowd of young white gentlemen engaged in this murder, was riding in a new buggy behind a fine horse.”</p> <p>Charles Caldwell, who was formerly enslaved, a delegate to the 1868 constitutional convention, and became a state senator from Hinds County, was assassinated by White vigilante political opponents on December 30, 1875. Caldwell had provided powerful resistance to violent efforts by Democrats to prevent Republicans from voting. It cost him his life. Historian Vernon Lane Wharton described Caldwell as “absolutely fearless,” and historian Buford Satcher recorded this account of Caldwell’s death:</p> <blockquote> <p>Caldwell went into the town of Clinton to learn about his nephew who had been threatened earlier that day. After dinner he returned to Clinton. This time an acquaintance of his, Buck Cabell, invited Caldwell to drink a toast in celebration of Christmas. While the two men stood in the basement of Chilton’s store, they touched their glasses, apparently a signal for the assassins. Caldwell was shot in the head as he stood with his back to the window. Not quite dead, he lifted himself up and told the assassins not to forget that they were killing a gallant man and that when he was dead be mindful of the fact that he was not a docile man. At that instant, some forty shots rang out, delivering the fatal blow.</p> </blockquote> <p>So notorious was the violence of the 1875 election year in Mississippi that the U.S. Senate formed a select committee to investigate it. Their final report was published in two volumes totaling more than 2,000 pages of testimony and evidence. But the Democrats, who called themselves the “Redeemers,” had accomplished what they set out to do. When the 1876 legislature was sworn in, Black men held only four seats (11 percent) in the Senate and twenty-four (32 percent) in the House. Lieutenant Governor Alexander K. Davis, the highest-ranking African American officeholder, was impeached on politically motivated charges that he denied, and Governor Ames, also facing impeachment over false allegations, resigned. Reconstruction in Mississippi was effectively over.</p> <p>From 1876 to 1894, Black representation in the state legislature steadily declined. Governors and other top state officials were all White Democrats. Some Black men managed to win election by crossing over to the Democratic Party, while others joined “Fusion” or “compromise” tickets that mixed Democratic and Republican candidates. Even those who remained with the Republican Party no longer espoused the same views of their counterparts from the early 1870s to protect their safety and that of their families.</p> <p>George Washington Gayles served as the only Black man in the Senate from 1882 to 1886. Nine Black men served in the House in 1888, six in 1890, and two in 1892 and 1894. There would not be another African American elected to the Mississippi state legislature until <a href="https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/robert-g-clark/">Robert G. Clark Jr.</a> won his historic election in 1968.</p> <p><strong>The 1890 Constitution and the Jim Crow Era</strong></p> <p>The ratification of the <a href="https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/mississippi-constitution-of-1890">Mississippi Constitution of 1890</a>, which implemented poll taxes and unfairly-applied literacy tests, disenfranchised the vast majority of African American voters in the state. Those who could pay the taxes and pass the literacy tests were kept from the ballot box by intimidation and violence. Prior to this constitution’s adoption, at least 142,000 Black men were registered to vote. By 1892, there were only 8,615. It was not until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that Black people in Mississippi could once again begin to wield their political power—and it was the first time that Black women in the deep South finally had access to the ballot.</p> <p>Incidentally, the Constitution of 1890 also effectively disenfranchised many poor White men. Prior to its enactment, there were about 110,000 registered White male voters. By 1892, that number fell to just over­­ 68,000.</p> <p>And what became of Mississippi’s first Black legislators? Some, as noted above, were murdered. Many left the state after 1875 to secure safety and better opportunities elsewhere as lawyers, businessmen, educators, ministers, and public speakers. Some remained in Mississippi but left politics to run their farms and businesses out of the dangerous spotlight. Gradually, the “Lost Cause” narrative overshadowed the truth about Reconstruction, especially the accomplishments of African Americans. These narratives portrayed Mississippi’s African American legislators as corrupt and ignorant, robbing the taxpayers, and bankrupting the state. Though John Roy Lynch tried to correct this mythology with his 1913 book, <em>The Facts of Reconstruction</em>, this false narrative persisted and continued to be taught in schools well into the mid- and late twentieth century.</p> <p><em>DeeDee Baldwin is the History Research Librarian at Mississippi State University. She created the website, <a href="https://much-ado.net/legislators/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Against All Odds: The First Black Legislators in Mississippi</a>. </em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h2>Sources:</h2> <p>Baldwin, DeeDee. Against All Odds: The First Black Legislators in Mississippi. 2018, <a href="https://much-ado.net/legislators/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">much-ado.net/legislators/</a>. Accessed December 13, 2021.</p> <p>Behrend, Justin. <em>Reconstructing Democracy: Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War</em>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2017.</p> <p>Bennett, Lerone. <a href="https://archive.org/details/blackpowerusa00benn" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><em>Black Power U.S.A.: The Human Side of Reconstruction, 1867-1877</em></a>. Chicago: Johnson, 1967.</p> <p>Cabinis, E. W. <em><a href="https://archive.org/details/clintonriottrues00cabi_0" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Clinton Riot: A True Statement, Showing Who Originated It. Jackson: Democratic-Conservative Executive Committee, 1875</a>.</em> </p> <p>Foner, Eric. <em>Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders during Reconstruction.</em> Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993.</p> <p>Harris, William C. <em>Day of the Carpetbagger: Republican Reconstruction in Mississippi.</em> Louisiana State University Press, 1979.</p> <p><em><a href="(https://www.google.com/books/edition/Journal_of_the_Proceedings_in_the_Consti/ThhGAQAAIAAJ?q=&amp;gbpv=1#f=false" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Journal of the Proceedings in the Constitutional Convention of the State of Mississippi. 1868</a>.</em> Jackson: E. Stafford, 1871. </p> <p>Lynch, John Roy. <em><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16158/16158-h/16158-h.htm" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Facts of Reconstruction</a>.</em> New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1913. </p> <p>Morgan, Albert T. <em>Yazoo: Or, on the Picket Line of Freedom in the South. </em>Washington, D.C.: self-published, 1884.</p> <p>Satcher, Buford. <em><a href="https://archive.org/details/12642935.22778.emory.edu/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Blacks in Mississippi Politics 1865-1900</a>.</em> Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978. </p> <p>Thompson, Patrick H. <em><a href="https://archive.org/details/12642935.22778.emory.edu/page/n597/mode/2up" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The History of Negro Baptists in Mississippi.</a> </em>Jackson: R. W. Bailey Printing, 1898.</p> <p><em>United States. Congress. Senate. Mississippi in 1875. <a href="https://archive.org/details/mississippiin18701unit" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Report of the Select Committee to Inquire into the Mississippi Election of 1875</a></em>. Washington: GPO, 1876. </p> <p>Wharton, Vernon Lane. <em>The Negro in Mississippi: 1865-1890.</em> New York: Harper &amp; Row, 1965.<br />  </p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-07/1874-75%20legislature_0.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The 1874-75 legislative term saw the height of African American influence in state government. &quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Mississippi Legislature 1874-1875&quot;}" role="button" title="The 1874-75 legislative term saw the height of African American influence in state government. 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Photo courtesty of Against All Odds: The First Black Legislators in Mississippi website at Mississippi State University Libraries." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Hiram_Rhodes_Revels_-_Brady-Handy-%28restored%29.png" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Hiram Revels became the first African American U.S. senator in 1870. Photo courtesy of Library of Congress.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;HIram Revels&quot;}" role="button" title="Hiram Revels became the first African American U.S. senator in 1870. 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Photo courtesy of Library of Congress." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/JR%20Lynch%20PI-STA-L_96_1.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;John R. Lynch was elected Speaker of the House in the Mississippi Legislature and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1913 he published &quot;Facts of Reconstruction,&quot; an inspiration to later revisionist historians. Photo courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;John R. Lynch&quot;}" role="button" title="John R. Lynch was elected Speaker of the House in the Mississippi Legislature and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1913 he published &quot;Facts of Reconstruction,&quot; an inspiration to later revisionist historians. Photo courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7187-GwW6aAqfc_k" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;John R. Lynch was elected Speaker of the House in the Mississippi Legislature and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1913 he published &quot;Facts of Reconstruction,&quot; an inspiration to later revisionist historians. Photo courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;John R. Lynch&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-06/JR%20Lynch%20PI-STA-L_96_1.jpg" width="476" height="798" alt="John R. Lynch" title="John R. Lynch was elected Speaker of the House in the Mississippi Legislature and later served in the U.S. House of Representatives. In 1913 he published &quot;Facts of Reconstruction,&quot; an inspiration to later revisionist historians. Photo courtesy of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Thomas%20Stringer.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Thomas W. Stringer was a delegate to the 1868 Constitutional Convention and later elected as a state senator from Vicksburg. Photo courtesy of Xavier University of Louisiana Library Digital Archives &amp; Collections.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Thomas W. Stringer&quot;}" role="button" title="Thomas W. Stringer was a delegate to the 1868 Constitutional Convention and later elected as a state senator from Vicksburg. Photo courtesy of Xavier University of Louisiana Library Digital Archives &amp;amp; Collections." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7187-GwW6aAqfc_k" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Thomas W. Stringer was a delegate to the 1868 Constitutional Convention and later elected as a state senator from Vicksburg. Photo courtesy of Xavier University of Louisiana Library Digital Archives &amp; Collections.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Thomas W. Stringer&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-06/Thomas%20Stringer.jpg" width="813" height="1061" alt="Thomas W. Stringer" title="Thomas W. Stringer was a delegate to the 1868 Constitutional Convention and later elected as a state senator from Vicksburg. Photo courtesy of Xavier University of Louisiana Library Digital Archives &amp; Collections." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Blance%20Bruce.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Blanche K. Bruce was the first African American to serve a full term (1875-1881) in the United States Senate. Photo courtesy Library of Congress.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Blanche K. Bruce&quot;}" role="button" title="Blanche K. Bruce was the first African American to serve a full term (1875-1881) in the United States Senate. Photo courtesy Library of Congress." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7187-GwW6aAqfc_k" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Blanche K. Bruce was the first African American to serve a full term (1875-1881) in the United States Senate. Photo courtesy Library of Congress.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Blanche K. Bruce&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2022-06/Blance%20Bruce.jpg" width="179" height="225" alt="Blanche K. Bruce" title="Blanche K. Bruce was the first African American to serve a full term (1875-1881) in the United States Senate. Photo courtesy Library of Congress." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/7188" hreflang="en">The First Black Legislators in Mississippi Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Jun 2022 13:44:08 +0000 brogers 7187 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7183 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" hreflang="en">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 10/05/2021 - 10:04</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Evaluate the purpose of Beauvoir as a museum.</div> <div class="field__item">Discuss the historical memory of Confederate veterans in modern America.</div> <div class="field__item">Compare the efforts to serve Confederate veterans with that of newly emancipated Black Mississippians.</div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{183}" paraid="634960516"><em>US History: Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{189}" paraid="1777250632">8.10.2 - Trace the economic changes in the post- Civil War South, including: Lincoln’s Plan, Wade-Davis Bill, Johnson’s Plan, Radical Reconstruction. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{196}" paraid="1882053982"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{202}" paraid="1585169115">MS.6.3 - Detail the effects of the Civil War on Mississippi’s economy. </p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{209}" paraid="1729992780">MS.6.5 - Examine the lasting cultural effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Mississippi. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{216}" paraid="2034923893"><em>US Government  </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="14" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{228}" paraid="756766087">USG.1.1 - Evaluate the fundamental worth and dignity of the individual. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{235}" paraid="719026020"><em>Problems in American Democracy </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="15" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{6028e8c2-b854-4438-84c6-ec6280ff3db4}{243}" paraid="1282980508">PAD.5.1 - Describe the economic characteristics of the North and South in the early-to-mid-nineteenth century that contributed to sectional political conflict. </p> </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{3}" paraid="632967240">The teacher will explain how, when, and where monuments, memorials, and museums have been used to educate and eternalize the Civil War. The placement of these symbols is important and should be evaluated. However, it is vital to remember that people fought the Civil War. Each living being possesses an inherent dignity. Reasons for service differed tremendously. However, a significant amount of life was lost and communities were forced to begin the difficult work of binding wounds, some doing a better job than others.  </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{20}" paraid="932269675">Students will collectively read the <a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="Jefferson David Soldier Home">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir </a>article aloud. </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{31}" paraid="97209469">The teacher will remind students the Confederacy had a clearly stated purpose for secession and eventual war as stated in the <a href="https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_missec.asp" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi statement of secession</a>: “Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery--the greatest material interest of the world.”  </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{43}" paraid="255221707">The teacher will explain that those who fought for the Confederacy should be held accountable for their support of a power structure that defended the enslavement of Black people. How should accountability impact need-based assistance due to injury of war? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{54}" paraid="2117704804">The teacher will facilitate a discussion on the questions below. Teachers should determine which set of questions best suite their students age and ability level.   <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{64}" paraid="826876812">Middle School:  <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{71}" paraid="324028683">What needs might soldiers returning from war have? (Medical care, food assistance, shelter, employment, etc.) </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{78}" paraid="621784312">Who should meet those needs and how might they be met? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{85}" paraid="745931686">Would one’s decision to fight to support the enslavement of Black people disqualify them from receiving assistance? Why or why not? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{92}" paraid="1094321433">Can we disagree with people at deep levels and still care for them? Why or why not? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{99}" paraid="1017135168">How can we practice caring for human dignity, especially when we strongly disagree? </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{106}" paraid="501999182">High School:   <ul><li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{113}" paraid="451325476">Beauvoir became a haven for aging and impoverished Confederate veterans. No matter the individual positions, each fought to protect a power structure that supported race-based chattel slavery. How should we view the material need for these families alongside the system they served? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{120}" paraid="439042711">Is it possible to object to the personal views and decisions of Confederate veterans and care for their physical wellbeing? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{127}" paraid="1828944878">How do we engage this topic without dehumanizing people we disagree with strongly? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{134}" paraid="1774908234">A significant amount of effort was contributed to convert Beauvoir into a home for needy Confederate veterans. What if the same energy and effort had been employed to aid newly emancipated Black people? </li> <li paraeid="{5974ccd5-ce16-44e0-b7aa-02e87386ac3e}{141}" paraid="1366340949">What purpose should Beauvoir have today?  </li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://beauvoirveteranproject.org/" target="_blank">Beauvoir Veterans Project </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir" target="_blank">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home article, one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 05 Oct 2021 15:04:16 +0000 alanwheat 7183 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7179 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/the-clinton-riot-of-1875-from-riot-to-massacre" hreflang="en">The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/24/2021 - 14:28</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Identify the Clinton Massacre of 1875 within the racial violence occurring nationally during Reconstruction </div> <div class="field__item">Analyze the conflicting narratives surrounding the Clinton Massacre of 1875 </div> <div class="field__item">Cite evidence to create an objective report regarding the events of the Clinton Massacre of 1875 </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> <div class="field__item">Newspaper Template </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{3f9ee24b-4aa8-4ddb-87c9-7719dbe74e8c}{215}" paraid="234099459"><em>8th Grade: US History: Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{3f9ee24b-4aa8-4ddb-87c9-7719dbe74e8c}{235}" paraid="1271865418">8.10.4 - Examine the Southern resistance to Reconstruction reforms, including: Black Codes, Jim Crow Laws, Ku Klux Klan, etc. </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{3f9ee24b-4aa8-4ddb-87c9-7719dbe74e8c}{242}" paraid="2132282786"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul><li paraeid="{3f9ee24b-4aa8-4ddb-87c9-7719dbe74e8c}{248}" paraid="870073960">MS.6.4 - Trace the various attempts at reconstruction in Mississippi and the responses to them. </li> <li paraeid="{3f9ee24b-4aa8-4ddb-87c9-7719dbe74e8c}{255}" paraid="1778874642">MS.7.1 - Evaluate the impact of Reconstruction on Mississippi’s social structure. </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-before-the-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-before-the-lesson.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-before-the-lesson field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Before the Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"> Students will individually read &quot;The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre&quot; article. </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{26}" paraid="1955808215">Optional Bellringer Questions</h4> <ol><li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{34}" paraid="1183532655">Students will watch "Equal Justice Initiative: Reconstruction in America" and reflect on the racial violence across America during Reconstruction. </li> <li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{47}" paraid="748379511">Possible discussion question: What purpose did racial violence serve during Reconstruction? Who benefitted from racial violence?</li> </ol><h4 paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{54}" paraid="2087058722">Activity  </h4> <ol><li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{64}" paraid="644386388">The teacher will explain history is a story of the past, and accounts differ depending on one’s perspective. Evidence crafts each tale, but each piece of evidence must be examined, questioned, and critiqued. One piece of evidence is not enough to create an accurate story of the past. Primary source documents are important pieces of evidence to understand past people, places, and events. <em>The Weekly Clarion</em> newspaper from September 29, 1875, will be used to compare and contrast narratives about the Clinton Massacre.  </li> <li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{101}" paraid="1902137818">Students will be placed in small groups (3-4) to compare <em>The Weekly Clarion</em> newspaper from September 29, 1875, with the article "The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre."  </li> <li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{122}" paraid="458305221">Student groups will then cite evidence to create a news article (150 words) or newscast (3 minutes) that objectively covers the deadly event. Note: newspaper template included above if needed.   <ul><li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{157}" paraid="1019969289">Students are encouraged to address and/or question why conflicting narratives may exist about the event and use the discussion questions listed below to guide their writing or production. </li> </ul></li> <li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{178}" paraid="665249329">Students will present their articles and newscasts and the teacher will use the discussion questions listed below to guide the reflection after each presentation.   <ul><li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{189}" paraid="1827724317">During Reconstruction, 2,000 Black men served in political office, and White people murdered at least that many Black people in racial terror lynchings. Why did White communities respond to Black political participation with violence? </li> <li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{208}" paraid="1255524496">The Clinton Massacre took place at a Republican rally, two months before the 1875 state elections. What can be inferred regarding the timing and location of the Clinton Massacre?  </li> <li paraeid="{9ffa4994-69fe-415b-b7a3-ce4d3e7e72e8}{227}" paraid="969163961">Prior to the Clinton Massacre, the federal government passed legislation protecting the rights of newly emancipated African Americans. Why didn’t those laws prevent this deadly attack and others like it? </li> </ul></li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://blogs.memphis.edu/memphismassacre1866/" target="_blank">Memories of a Massacre: Memphis in 1866 Project</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://eji.org/report/reconstruction-in-america/" target="_blank">Reconstruction in America Report by Equal Justice Initiative</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://eji.org/reconstruction-visual-reading-guide/" target="_blank">Reconstruction in America Visual Reading Guide by Equal Justice Initiative</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/399/the-clinton-riot-of-1875-from-riot-to-massacre" target="_blank">&quot;The Clinton Riot of 1875: From Riot to Massacre,&quot; one copy per student </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://youtu.be/HRj35PtXnLs" target="_blank">Equal Justice Initiative: Reconstruction in America - Video</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016926/1875-09-29/ed-1/seq-1/" target="_blank">The Weekly Clarion – September 29, 1875 p. 1, one copy per student (entire page consists of statements on the event)</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016926/1875-09-29/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=09%2F01%2F1875&amp;index=0&amp;date2=09%2F30%2F1875&amp;searchType=advanced&amp;language=&amp;sequence=0&amp;lccn=sn83016926&amp;words=Clarion+Weekly&amp;proxdistance=5&amp;state=Mississippi&amp;rows=20&amp;ortext=&amp;proxtext=the+weekly+clarion&amp;phrasetext=&amp;andtext=&amp;dateFilterType=range&amp;page=1" target="_blank">The Weekly Clarion – September 29, 1875 p. 2, one copy per student (Read column on the left titled &quot;The Clinton Riot! True Statement&quot;</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Sep 2021 19:28:18 +0000 alanwheat 7179 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/node/7177 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond Lesson Plan </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/a-union-soldiers-view-of-the-battle-of-raymond" hreflang="en">A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/105" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">alanwheat</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--new-lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Fri, 09/24/2021 - 14:01</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-students-will-bullets--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-students-will-bullets.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-students-will-bullets field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Students Will</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Analyze a primary source and it’s perspective on the Battle of Raymond </div> <div class="field__item">Employ the primary source as unique historical evidence regarding the events surrounding the Battle of Raymond </div> <div class="field__item">Summarize the primary source pertaining to the Battle of Raymond </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-materials--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-materials.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-materials.html.twig x field--text.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-materials field--type-text field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Materials</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item">Computer/tablet with internet access </div> <div class="field__item">Paper and writing utensils </div> <div class="field__item">Highlighters </div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-curricular-connections--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-curricular-connections.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-curricular-connections.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-curricular-connections field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Curricular Connections</div> <div class="field__item"><h4 paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{172}" paraid="868071452"><em>Seventh Grade (Compacted): US History From Exploration to Reconstruction </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="5" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{178}" paraid="1661902958">7C.14.2 - Examine key early battles and plans which shaped decisions in the North and South, including: First Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman March, Anaconda Plan, etc. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{189}" paraid="1752963729"><em>Eighth Grade - US History: Exploration to 1877 </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{195}" paraid="1906601159">8.9.2 - Examine key early battles and plans which shaped decisions in the North and South, including: First Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam, Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Sherman March, Anaconda Plan, etc.  </p> </li> <li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="12" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{202}" paraid="1374253907">8.9.3 - Identify key Northern and Southern political and military leaders and their contributions. </p> </li> </ul><h4 paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{209}" paraid="1232845367"><em>Mississippi Studies </em></h4> <ul role="list"><li aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-level="1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-font="Symbol" data-leveltext="" data-listid="14" role="listitem"> <p paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{215}" paraid="1976250721">MS.6.2 - Analyze the military actions that took place in Mississippi during the Civil War. </p> </li> </ul></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-teaching-levels--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-teaching-levels.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-teaching-levels field--type-string field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Teaching Levels</div> <div class="field__item">Grades 7 through 12</div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lesson.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-lesson field--type-text-long field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Lesson</div> <div class="field__item"><ol><li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{230}" paraid="723115409">The teacher will explain that history is a story of the past, and accounts differ depending on one’s perspective. Evidence crafts each tale, but each piece of evidence must be examined, questioned, and critiqued. One piece of evidence is not enough to create an accurate story of the past. Primary source documents are important pieces of evidence to understand past people, places, and events.   </li> <li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{237}" paraid="962123882">The teacher will explain that this article includes a primary source from the late-nineteenth century in which derogatory and outdated language and depictions are used to describe people, particularly African Americans. This language has not been removed so that current readers can have an accurate depiction of the writer’s perspective. </li> <li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{244}" paraid="506783827">Students will read "A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond" individually and highlight unfamiliar terms and or phrases. </li> <li paraeid="{2b18193a-2e9d-4f3c-9b6e-be102fd81088}{255}" paraid="744170402">The teacher will ask students to identify portions of the article that may have been unclear or used language that was unfamiliar. The teacher will need to read through the article thoroughly to be prepared for some of the questions and clarifications students will need. </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{7}" paraid="1041661885">The teacher will introduce the National Archives analysis tool to students, explaining the parts of the tool and answering any questions that may be presented. Depending on the class, teachers may need to model usage of the National Archives analysis tool. </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{14}" paraid="1613168994">The teacher will place students in groups of two and three to examine the <em>New York Semi-Weekly Tribune</em> article from Friday, November 19, 1886 using the analysis tools from the National Archives in this activity. </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{33}" paraid="1219194662">Students will use the National Archives Written Document Analysis Worksheet to create a Google Slides presentation with at least 5 slides or develop a 200-word essay. Students should employ each portion of the analysis tool in their Google Slides or essay.  <ul><li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{68}" paraid="1112777050">Google Slides Example: (<em>Students are encouraged to use images and media components to build an engaging presentation)</em>  <ul><li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{79}" paraid="83423271">Slide One: Introduction/Description (3-5 sentences) </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{86}" paraid="2103960037">Slide Two: Meet the Document </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{93}" paraid="1203180156">Slide Three: Observe its Parts </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{100}" paraid="1632546400">Slide Four: Try to Make Sense of It </li> <li paraeid="{0990dd86-ff22-4014-9608-0e87f9f8eadb}{107}" paraid="1325245457">Slide Five: Use it as Historical Evidence </li> </ul></li> <li>Essay:  <ul><li>Students will use the National Archives Written Document Analysis Worksheet frame craft a 200-word essay examining the primary source’s perspective. </li> <li>Students must cite evidence to support their claims. </li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Each group will present their findings before the class. Students will upload their paper or their Google Slides to the learning platform. Presentations can be displayed on the classroom site or printed for physical display in the classroom. </li> </ol></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-further-reading-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-further-reading-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-further-reading-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Further Reading</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.nps.gov/places/battle-of-raymond.htm" target="_blank">National Parks Service: Battle of Raymond, Milepost 78.3</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/raymond" target="_blank">American Battlefield Trust: Battle of Raymond </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-author-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-author-nlp.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-author-nlp field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Drew Gardner</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/22" hreflang="en">Military</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-nlp--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-nlp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-nlp field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-preparation-links--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--node--new-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-preparation-links.html.twig * field--link.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-preparation-links field--type-link field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Preparation</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/a-union-soldiers-view-of-the-battle-of-raymond" target="_blank">A Union Soldier’s View of the Battle of Raymond, one copy per student </a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/worksheets/written_document_analysis_worksheet.pdf" target="_blank">National Archives Written Document Analysis Worksheet, one copy per student </a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Fri, 24 Sep 2021 19:01:51 +0000 alanwheat 7177 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Mississippi's Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/mississippis-forgotten-soldiers <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/18/2020 - 00:00</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> February 2020 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Shelby Harriel <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Mississippi’s Civil War chronicle includes such notable generals as Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, Joseph E. Johnston, and John C. Pemberton, as well as the thousands of common men they commanded.  Surprisingly, an untold number of daring women joined them on battlefields across the state, even though societal standards of the time forbade them to do so.</p> <p>When the Civil War broke out, men were the ones, obligated by a sense of duty and honor, to march away and fight for their respective causes.  However, wives, sisters, mothers, and daughters from both the North and South disguised themselves as men and took up arms to fight.  And like their male counterparts, women soldiers suffered the same hardships while stationed in faraway locations that often had completely different climates and environments than those they left behind.</p> <p>These women were motivated by multiple reasons to risk not only their lives on a battlefield, but also the public humiliation and shame that would accompany the discovery of their true identities. Perhaps the most prominent factor was a desire to avoid being separated from loved ones who had marched off to war, but others joined the army to escape abusive family members. Like many of their male counterparts, patriotism and a desire for adventure prompted other women to join the ranks.  Still others were inspired by the opportunity to improve their legal, economic, and social status.  Victorian women did not enjoy many legal rights or social opportunities, and by assuming a male identity, they were able to obtain freedoms previously denied them due to their gender.  For example, in male disguise, they could purchase land, take advantage of more abundant and better paying jobs, and even vote.</p> <p>Once these bold women decided to enlist, they faced several daunting tasks in order to become soldiers.  One was assuming a convincing disguise that would allow them to blend in to the male-dominated military. Then they had to negotiate the enlistment process, which included submitting to a medical examination.  In some instances, surgeons merely checked for working body parts recruits needed to march and shoot a gun.  Thus, fortunate women were able to pass such cursory medical examinations and slip quietly into the ranks.</p> <p>Not only was it relatively simple for female recruits to fool an examining surgeon, but it was also not terribly difficult to deceive the male soldiers with whom they served.  Prior to identification cards that we use today, it was rather simple to adopt a new persona. Women merely assumed a male alias, cut their hair short, and donned male clothing.  Furthermore, war was the domain of men so few people, if any, thought women would even attempt to enlist in the military since they were not supposed to perform men’s duties or wear men’s uniforms, which were often ill-fitting and baggy, thereby hiding the feminine figure. Clothing defined gender in Victorian society.  Beyond the social rules that controlled women’s dress, the law actually forbid women from wearing pants. Therefore, male soldiers often overlooked women in uniform simply because they were unaccustomed to seeing them don trousers.</p> <p>The background of female soldiers also played a role in their ability to serve undetected. A majority of these women came from working class or farming backgrounds and were already accustomed to the tasks required of soldiers, such as shooting, riding horses, or performing manual labor.   Yet another factor that enabled women soldiers to blend in was the fact that there were large numbers of young boys who served in both armies.  The presence of youthful lads who often lacked facial hair and had higher-pitched voices led men to easily mistake a female soldier for a pre-pubescent boy.</p> <p>Because women served disguised as men, researchers will never be able to pinpoint exactly how many served as soldiers during the Civil War.  Estimates range anywhere from the hundreds to the thousands.  When considering nearly three million men fought, it is obvious that women comprised an insignificant number of the fighting force. Yet, they suffered and gave their lives like their male comrades for the same causes.  They performed the same duties and fought in every major campaign of the war, including engagements in Mississippi.</p> <p>From the beginning, military officials from both sides deemed major resources in the Magnolia State — such as the Mississippi River and network of railroads — vital to the war effort.  The desire to control these resources led armies to clash in bloody battle and standing in the front lines of these battles were women in disguise.</p> <p>Almeda Hart, one of the notable women who served in Mississippi, followed her husband Henry to war when he enlisted in the 127th Illinois Infantry.  Disguised as “James Strong,” she served as a courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.  Fought December 26-29, 1862, it was the first major attempt by the Federals to capture Vicksburg, the last Confederate stronghold along the Mississippi River.  Prior to the engagement, she wrote a letter to her mother reassuring her that she was armed with “2 good braces of pistols and a good sabre” and could take care of herself as she rode across the battlefield carrying messages.</p> <p>Joining Almeda Hart in the Federal army during this engagement was a German woman known only by her male alias, “Charles Junghaus,” who enlisted in the 3rd Missouri Infantry. She was not the only woman to serve in a Missouri unit in Mississippi.   Deeply divided, the “Show Me” state sent Federal and Confederate units into service during the Civil War.  Therefore, it is not surprising that regiments from Missouri found themselves opposing each other, as was the case in Vicksburg.  On the Federal side was Junghaus with the 3rd Missouri.  In the Confederate service was at least one woman with Brigadier General Francis Cockrell’s Missouri brigade.  Described as “tan, dirty, [and] freckled,” this unknown woman fought in multiple battles in Mississippi.</p> <p>Another female soldier in Mississippi was Irish immigrant Jennie Hodgers. She enlisted as “Albert Cashier” in the 95th Illinois Infantry.  With her regiment, she saw action during Grant’s Mississippi Central Railroad Campaign in late 1862.  Then, at Vicksburg six months later, Confederates captured Hodgers while she was on a reconnaissance mission. The feisty woman managed to escape by grabbing her captor’s rifle and knocking him down with it.  She further displayed her spirited nature when she defiantly stood upon the works at Vicksburg and taunted the Confederates. Today, visitors at Vicksburg National Military Park can find Jennie Hodgers’s alias inscribed inside the Illinois monument.  Misspelled as “Albert D.J. Cashire,” it appears on the tablet for Co. G of the 95th Illinois Infantry.</p> <p>After the fall of Vicksburg, Hodgers and her regiment occupied Natchez until October 1863, after which they headed to Louisiana to participate in the ill-fated Red River Campaign which concluded in May 1864.  Following the Union failure there, Pvt. Cashier and her male comrades engaged in another disastrous venture that culminated in the Battle of Brice’s Crossroads in Mississippi where feared Confederate cavalry leader Nathan Bedford Forrest routed Federal forces in June 1864.  The diminutive Irishwoman managed to survive not only the fateful battle but also the war.</p> <p>As for women soldiers from Mississippi, research reveals several who served.  But because those who recorded their accounts did not identify them, their names have been lost to history.  One such soldier was a runaway enslaved girl from Natchez who served for a few weeks as “William Bradley.”  A light-skinned Black girl, she passed as a white man in Miles’ Legion, a Confederate unit.  Her service came to an abrupt end, however, when her master recognized her while she was marching up Main Street in Natchez with her company in April 1862.</p> <p>Two years later in July 1864, Brigadier General Winfield Scott Featherston led his brigade of all Mississippi units in an ill-fated charge during the Battle of Peach Tree Creek in Georgia.  Two of the Mississippians who were injured and captured during the engagement turned out to be women.  One of them had been shot in the ankle, resulting in a Federal surgeon amputating her foot.  The other had been shot in the chest and thigh.  Unfortunately, no further information is known about her, but with such grievous wounds, she likely did not return home to Mississippi.</p> <p>Like their names, the heroic deeds of women soldiers have largely been forgotten by history, yet they served as inspirations to influential people such as Mississippi author William Faulkner, who included a woman soldier in his work. Drusilla Sartoris, a character in his 1938 novel, <em>The Unvanquished</em>, disguised herself as a man and fought with her uncle’s cavalry regiment in order to avenge the deaths of her fiancé and father.</p> <p>The legacy of female fighters in the Civil War still endures.  Their accomplishments helped pave the way for current women soldiers to serve in all combat roles, a right the government granted them in 2015, over 150 years after females were already fighting and dying on Civil War battlefields. Among those were women from Mississippi and their sister soldiers from other areas who fought in battles in the Magnolia State.  These female fighters bring to light a new understanding of Mississippi’s Civil War history.</p> <p><em>Shelby Harriel is an instructor of mathematics at Pearl River Community College. This article was adapted from her book</em>, Behind the Rifle Women Soldiers in Civil War Mississippi, <em>which was published in 2019 by University Press of Mississippi.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources</h3> <p>Harriel, Shelby. <em>Behind the Rifle:  Women Soldiers in Civil War Mississippi.</em>  Jackson, MS:  University Press of Mississippi, 2019.</p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/2021-11/1121%20-%20Forgotten%20Soldiers.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.&quot;}" role="button" title="Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/2021-11/1121%20-%20Forgotten%20Soldiers.jpg" width="1405" height="1126" alt="Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou." title="Almeda Butler Hart, alias “James Strong,” who served as Brigadier General David Stuart’s mounted courier during the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou. She followed her husband, Henry, to war in the 127th Illinois Infantry. She was about twenty-five years old at the time of the battle. This is a younger photo of her. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1122.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}" role="button" title="Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1122.jpg" width="2535" height="4200" alt="Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry." title="Henry Hart, Almeda’s husband, Co. F, 127th Illinois Infantry. He served as a blacksmith for Brigadier General David Stuart. Private collection of the Halstead family, Pecatonica, Illinois." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1123.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G.&quot;}" role="button" title="Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1123.jpg" width="340" height="415" alt="Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G." title="Jennie Hodgers enlisted in the 95th Illinois Infantry as Albert D.J. Cashier and was assigned to Company G. She served for the duration of the war with the 95th Illinois, which fought approximately 40 battles, including the Siege of Vicksburg." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1124.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}" role="button" title="Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7170-1LWsyKpx_w8" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry.&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1124.jpg" width="1500" height="2281" alt="Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry." title="Jennie Hodgers, alias “Albert D.J. Cashier,” Co. G, 95th Illinois Infantry with an unknown pard. Vicksburg National Military Park." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/lesson-plan/mississippi%27s-forgotten-soldiers" hreflang="en">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 18 Feb 2020 06:00:00 +0000 usnext 7170 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Mississippi's Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War Lesson Plan http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/lesson-plan/mississippi%27s-forgotten-soldiers <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War Lesson Plan</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--lesson-plan.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Tue, 02/18/2020 - 00:00</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><h2>Teaching Levels</h2> <p>Grades 7 through 9</p> <h2>Curricular Connections</h2> <p>2018 Mississippi College-and Career-Readiness Standards for the Social Studies</p> <h4><em>Mississippi Studies and Regions</em></h4> <ul><li>E.4.1.4 - Determine roles of women on the home front and battlefront during and after the Civil War.</li> <li>H.4.5.2 - Examine historical events that are significant to Mississippi culture.</li> </ul><h4><em>US History from Exploration to Reconstruction/Civics and the World</em></h4> <ul><li>7C.14.4 - Evaluate the contributions of women, African Americans and other minority groups to the war effort.</li> </ul><h4><em>US History: Exploration to 1877</em></h4> <ul><li>8.9.4 - Evaluate the contributions of women, African Americans and other minority groups to the war effort.</li> </ul><h2>Proposed Time Frame</h2> <p>Two to three 50-minute class periods <em>(flexible based on which tasks are completed in class together or assigned as independent work to be completed outside of the classroom)</em></p> <h2>Materials / Equipment</h2> <ol><li>Mississippi History Now article</li> <li>Group Discussion Questions</li> <li>Computer with internet access</li> <li>White board / chalk board</li> <li>Analysis of Dangers T Chart</li> <li>Paper</li> <li>Pen/pencil</li> </ol><h2>Lesson Introduction</h2> <h4>Pre-teaching:</h4> <ol><li>Ask students who comes to mind when imagining a Civil War solider. Collect answers on the board. (Keep track of any names of famous generals/types of people/describe them)</li> <li>Ask students to brainstorm what personality traits would make a good soldier.</li> <li>Finally, ask them to describe what they imagine a Civil War era solider would look like.</li> </ol><h4>True/False Pretest</h4> <p>(can be completed verbally using thumbs up/down or other silent visual cue)</p> <ol><li>All soldiers dressed in either standard blue or grey uniforms and there was great uniformity among the appearance of various groups. ( T/F )</li> <li>Victorian women did not enjoy many legal rights or social opportunities. ( T/F )</li> <li>Army surgeons performed an in-depth medical examination on all recruits enlisting the military during the Civil War. ( T/F )</li> <li>All recruits to the armies of the Union and the Confederacy had to prove that they were at least 18 years old prior to being allowed to join. ( T/F )</li> <li>Far from the capitals of Washington and Richmond, and without many natural resources, the state of Mississippi saw very little actual battle and conflict during the war. ( T/F )</li> <li>Women were granted privileges to serve in combat roles in the United States military in 2015, but some would argue that they have been serving in those capacities in hidden ways for hundreds of years. ( T/F )</li> </ol><h2>Lesson</h2> <ol><li>Assign the article “Mississippi’s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War” for students to read prior to class as homework, or read aloud as a class as time permits and for younger grades</li> <li>Access Civil War timeline for context (Depending on when in your history course and how you use this article, students may need more or less context for events the Civil War and their ability to understand the importance of Vicksburg and other campaigns mentioned) <p><a href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-war-in-america/timeline.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-war-in-america/timeline.html</a></p> </li> <li> <p>If the battlefield wasn’t expected to be a women's place, what was? Read together (or assign for homework) “Women in Nineteenth-Century America” by Dr. Graham Warder, Keene State College</p> </li> <li> <p><a href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/women-in-nineteenth-century-america-2/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/woman-suffrage/women-in-nineteenth-century-america-2/</a>"</p> </li> </ol><h4>Brainstorm as a class:</h4> <ul><li>What effect did the “Market Revolution” have on women’s lives?</li> <li>What was the doctrine of “separate spheres”?</li> <li>Where did 19th century women typically have influence?</li> <li>What would be different in the lives of poorer rural women and women of the new “middle class”?</li> </ul><h2>Class Discussion</h2> <h4>Group Discussion Questions</h4> <p>After reading MS History Now article “Mississippi’s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War,” form students into teams to answer the following questions in complete sentences. Use their responses to guide a class discussion about the article and its place in their study of the Civil War.</p> <ol><li>Why did men join the military when the Civil War broke out?</li> <li>What hardships did soldiers face while serving in the military?</li> <li>Why would female soldiers from a working class or farming background have an easier time blending in to an all male military?</li> <li>Why was victory in the state of Mississippi considered important to their success for both Union and Confederate Armies?</li> <li>Describe the personal story and motivations of Ameda Hart.</li> <li>Describe the personal story and motivations of “William Bradley”.</li> <li>In your own words, describe the legacy of female fighters in the Civil War.</li> </ol><h2>Activity 1</h2> <ol><li>Have students brainstorm a list things that were dangerous to a Civil War solider.</li> <li>T chart - What would be a threat to both male and female soldiers, and how would their worries depart?</li> </ol><h2>Activity 2</h2> <p>Primary Source - Homer, Winslow, “Our Women and the War, from Harper's Weekly, September 6, 1862,” Smithsonian American Art Museum, <a href="https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/our-women-and-war-harpers-weekly-september-6-1862-37064" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/our-women-and-war-harpers-weekly-september-6-1862-37064</a>.</p> <ol><li>“Our Women and the War,” an engraving by Winslow Homer, was published in Harper’s Weekly in1862. In small groups, have students analyze this visual primary resource using National Archives Primary source analysis tool <a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/artwork-analysis-worksheet.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Artwork Analysis Worksheet</a> (also see link below lesson plan). <ul><li>Additionally - have students address the following questions in groups: <ul><li>What roles are women shown performing?</li> <li>How are the women dressed for those roles?</li> <li>What physical environments / locations are women shown in?</li> <li>How do those roles reflect the values associated with a women’s place in Victorian society?</li> <li>What is the historic context?</li> <li>Where was this image original published? Who was its audience?</li> <li>How does this image tells its story?</li> <li>Does this engraving have a point of view? (Describe your position and give evidence to support your assertion)</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li>Create a Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting the roles of women in this image with the roles played by Almeda Hart (James Strong), “Charles Junghaus,” Jennie Hodgers (Albert Cashier), “William Bradely,” and the other unnamed women who fought as men mentioned in “Mississippi’s Forgotten Soldiers.”</li> <li>Using the data collected from their primary source analysis tool, their discussion questions, and their Venn diagram, students should write an essay discussing the various roles and contributions of women during the conflicts of the Civil War.</li> </ol><h2>Closure</h2> <p>Have students reflect on the daily lives of soldiers past and present. Reflect on how their sacrifices, contributions, and hard work changed the world in which we live.</p> <p><em>Exit ticket activity</em>: have students brainstorm what their own reaction would have been if they were the surgeon who accidentally discovered the true identity of a critically wounded female patient in their care. “What would you feel? What would you do? What would the consequences of your choices be, for your patient, for their unit, and for yourself?”</p> <h2>Lesson Extensions</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://junior.scholastic.com/issues/2017-18/121117/women-on-the-front-lines.html#1080L" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Research Modern women in the military</a> (some examples)</li> <li><a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/most-impressive-women-in-the-military-2013-7#sgt-leigh-ann-hester-killed-several-enemy-combatants-while-under-attack-in-iraq-saving-american-lives-3)" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.businessinsider.com/most-impressive-women-in-the-military-2013-7#sgt-leigh-ann-hester-killed-several-enemy-combatants-while-under-attack-in-iraq-saving-american-lives-3)</a></li> <li>Have students interview and record oral histories with modern local women in the armed services</li> <li>Have students access the National Archives 3 Part Article on <a href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Women Soldiers of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="https://english.hku.hk/staff/kjohnson/PDF/WelterBarbaraCULTWOMANHOODinAQ1966.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860</a>, Author(s): Barbara WelterSource: American Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2, Part 1 (Summer, 1966), pp. 151-174</li> <li>Students can access and read other <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi History Now</a> articles about the Civil War in MS and 19th Century MS Women (a few examples): <ul><li><a href="/issue/mississippi-soldiers-in-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“Mississippi Soldiers in the Civil War”</a>, by John F. Marszalek and Clay Williams</li> <li><a href="/issue/the-road-to-war-1846-1860" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“The Road to War (1846-1860)”</a>, by Clay Williams</li> <li><a href="/issue/vicksburg-during-the-civil-war-1862-1863" rel="noopener" target="_blank">“Vicksburg During the Civil War (1862-1863): A Campaign; A Siege”</a>, by Michael B. Ballard</li> </ul></li> </ul><h2>Useful External Links</h2> <ul><li><a href="https://www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/artwork-analysis-worksheet.pdf" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.archives.gov/files/education/lessons/worksheets/artwork-analysis-worksheet.pdf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.loc.gov/teachers/usingprimarysources/</a></li> <li><a href="https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/women-in-the-civil-war/teaching-guide#tabs" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/women-in-the-civil-war/teaching-guide#tabs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1993/spring/women-in-the-civil-war-1.html</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/timeline/#/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/civil-war/war/timeline/#/</a></li> </ul></div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lp-author--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-lp-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lp-author field--type-string field--label-hidden field__item">Sydney Pinnen</div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-issue--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-issue.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-issue.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-issue field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/issue/mississippis-forgotten-soldiers" hreflang="en">Mississippi&#039;s Forgotten Soldiers: Women in the Ranks during the Civil War</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-theme-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Theme</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/29" hreflang="en">Women&#039;s history</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period-lp--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--node--lesson-plan.html.twig * field--field-time-period-lp.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period-lp field--type-entity-reference field--label-above"> <div class="field__label">Time Period</div> <div class="field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Tue, 18 Feb 2020 06:00:00 +0000 usnext 7168 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/issue/jefferson-davis-soldier-home-beauvoir <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--issue.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--issue.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-uid field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> <span lang="" about="/user/5" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">usnext</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/user/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--issue.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span class="field field--name-created field--type-created field--label-hidden">Wed, 01/11/2017 - 14:52</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x links--node.html.twig x links--node.html.twig * links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/content/links--node.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-publication-date.html.twig * field--datetime.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> January 2017 <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-publication-date--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: x field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-author.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-author.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> by Susannah J. Ural <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/custom/mshistorynow/templates/field/field--node--field-author--issue.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-theme--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-theme.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-theme.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-theme field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/14" hreflang="en">Civil War &amp; Reconstruction</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-time-period--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-time-period.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-time-period.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-time-period field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/4" hreflang="en">Cotton Kingdom, 1833–1865</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/5" hreflang="en">The World Remade, 1866–1902</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/6" hreflang="en">Promise and Peril, 1903–1927</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/7" hreflang="en">Bridging Hardship, 1928-1945</a></div> <div class="field__item"><a href="/taxonomy/term/8" hreflang="en">Forging Ahead, 1946–Present</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--issue.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--body.html.twig x field--text-with-summary.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><p>Three weeks before Christmas of 1903, J. R. Climer of Madison County, Mississippi, became the first resident of the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home, Beauvoir — Mississippi’s home for Confederate veterans and their wives and widows on the Mississippi Gulf Coast in Biloxi. Climer was a Tennessean by birth and a veteran of Company A of the Madison Light Artillery that fought in General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia at some of the most famous battles of the American Civil War. When the war began, Climer was a tombstone agent in Canton. By 1900, he had moved to the community of Flora where Climer rented a home and sold groceries. He never married, and he was not entirely sure of the year he was born. He had received some formal schooling before the war, and he was able to support himself into the twentieth century. By 1903, however, James Climer was in his late seventies (or so he thought), and he applied to enter the Confederate veteran home when word reached Canton that it would open on December 1. Delays pushed the official opening back ten days, but word of the delay did not reach Climer before he departed for the Coast. Despite the construction around him, ladies from the Biloxi chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (<span class="caps">UDC</span>) scrambled to make Climer comfortable when he moved in on December 2. The Jefferson Davis Soldier Home officially opened on December 10, and fifteen additional men joined Climer as its residents.</p> <p>Mississippi was the second state to secede from the Union and the second-to-last state to establish a home for its aging veterans, though not from a lack of concern about veterans’ needs. Mindful of the human cost of war, Mississippi legislators began allocating funds for wounded and indigent soldiers and their families in the first years of the Civil War, and the legislature debated bills to open a state home for veterans in the 1880s. J. R. Climer’s awkward arrival at an unfinished Beauvoir, however, was representative of the difficult process of the home’s creation. Limited funds and disagreements on how to best care for veterans plagued efforts until the problem received the focused attention of the Mississippi Division of the <span class="caps">UDC</span>.</p> <p>Constructed from 1848 until 1852, the future Confederate home was originally named “Orange Grove” by its first occupant, James Brown of Madison County, Mississippi. The property was later renamed “Beauvoir” by Sarah Ellis Dorsey when she purchased the property in the 1870s. Dorsey sold the property to Jefferson Davis in 1879. The first and only President of the Confederate States of America wrote his famous memoir, <em>The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government,</em> at Beauvoir and spent the last twelve years of his life at this beautiful, coastal location. After Davis died in 1889, his widow, Varina, and daughter, Winnie, had difficulty maintaining the property as their resources dwindled. After securing attractive writing contracts from the <em>New York World</em>, the women moved to New York City for Varina’s health. Following the hurricane of 1893, which severely damaged Beauvoir and many coastal communities, the preservation of the property became the cause of Mary Hunter Southworth Kimbrough of Greenwood, Mississippi, who spent summers with her husband, Judge Allan McCaskill Kimbrough, at Ashton Hall, located near Beauvoir in Biloxi. A friend of the Davises, Mary Kimbrough worked to raise funds to restore the property as “the Mount Vernon of the Confederacy.” While appreciative, Varina Davis worried that the cost of maintaining the home would always be sizable, and her health remained such that doctors did not want her living on the southern coast. Davis suggested in late 1894 that she would be willing to sell the home, and it was here that the women (it is not clear which one) launched the idea of turning Beauvoir into Mississippi’s home for aging Confederate veterans and their wives and widows.</p> <p>Over the next eight years, the Mississippi <span class="caps">UDC</span> worked to raise the $10,000 that Davis requested for the home. This sum would provide her with adequate funds to support herself and her daughter, and it was a bargain for the state. (A hotel developer had recently offered Davis $90,000 for the property, but she refused). The <span class="caps">UDC</span> implemented numerous fundraising plans while battling a reluctant state legislature. Most lawmakers in the 1890s were convinced that Mississippi’s 26,728 Confederate veterans and 3,830 widows preferred to remain within their own communities and to receive pensions directly from the state.</p> <p>By 1899, the <span class="caps">UDC</span>’s efforts were failing when Lizzie George Henderson of the J. Z. George <span class="caps">UDC</span> Chapter of Greenwood, Mississippi, launched a campaign to contact county clerks across the state to ascertain the number and condition of poor veterans in their areas. Henderson also wrote and sponsored trips to other state homes in order to research the costs involved with opening and running a veterans’ facility. At the 1901 reunion of the United Confederate Veterans in Memphis, Tennessee, Henderson also secured the signatures of nearly 600 veterans who clarified their desire for a state home. Although this information was formally presented to the governor and the state legislature, the plan continued to languish until the Mississippi Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (<span class="caps">SCV</span>) convinced state leaders that the home was a necessity. By 1902, however, the entire effort was on the verge of collapse once more. Tensions developed as the <span class="caps">UDC</span> felt that their fundraising efforts had been sidelined by the <span class="caps">SCV</span>, and Varina Davis’s relationship with certain <span class="caps">UDC</span> officers fractured over her concerns that the <span class="caps">UDC</span> would diminish or even erase her family’s connection to the home. Despite these concerns, the <span class="caps">SCV</span> finally secured the funds necessary to purchase the home. The <span class="caps">SCV</span> also agreed to Davis’s request that her family be forever honored at Beauvoir and that the Beauvoir <span class="caps">UDC</span> Chapter be allowed run it. (The latter request, however, was not fulfilled until the mid-1920s.) The <span class="caps">UDC</span> and <span class="caps">SCV</span> applauded the results of their long-fought struggle, and the <span class="caps">UDC</span> agreed to use the funds they raised to furnish the home and grounds. In February of 1903, the sale was finalized with the delivery of $8,000 in cash and a $2,000 promissory note. During the following year, the state took on the responsibility of funding the operation of the facility, which eventually comprised twelve barracks that held twenty-four people per building and four residents per room. The grounds also included a dining hall, chapel, hospital, and houses for servants and staff.</p> <p>For the next fifty-four years, over 1,800 impoverished Confederate veterans, wives, and widows called Beauvoir home. Like similar facilities across the nation, there were occasional charges levied against the home concerning use of funds and care of the residents. However, all state investigations of these charges found them to be largely without grounds. In 1916, Governor Theodore G. Bilbo appointed Elnathan and Helen Tartt as superintendent and matron of the home. Except for one four-year gap, the Tartts continuously occupied these positions until the 1940s. (The couple often exchanged roles, with Helen sometimes serving as an independent superintendent, a rare role for a woman.) The Tartts ran the home respectfully and efficiently, setting Beauvoir apart from other veterans’ facilities in the country.</p> <p>According to R. B. Rosenburg, a leading scholar on Confederate homes, veteran homes across the South were often characterized by overregulation and overbearing superintendents who treated the residents like prisoners or children. The veterans, Rosenburg argued, were trotted out for Confederate memorials and parades as though they were “living monuments” but were otherwise largely forgotten by the public. Historians James Marten and Elna Green, however, have countered this image by arguing that southern facilities fared better than their northern counterparts because Confederate veterans were linked to southern belief in the Lost Cause. The association of veterans with the Lost Cause created more public support for southern veterans even when reports surfaced of veterans drinking, arguing, gambling, cursing, and occasionally attacking a staff member or each other. Residents of veterans’ homes felt similar pressure to live up to their reputation within the Lost Cause narrative. Still, Marten argues that contemporary reports on or coming from veteran homes created, especially in the North but also in the South, “two extreme stereotypes of veterans: feeble and incapable, or drunken and irresponsible. Americans seemed to think of residents of soldiers’ homes as less than truly men, and at least some of the men trapped in these stately prisons of gratitude agreed.”</p> <p>A study of the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home begun by the University of Southern Mississippi in 2014, known as the Beauvoir Veteran Project, challenged this image of unhappy residents isolated from society in poorly run facilities. The Beauvoir Veteran Project studied the home from 1903 through its closing in 1957 and traced the home’s residents from the 1850s through the twentieth century. The study supplemented the limited number of letters, diaries, or memoirs from veteran residents with census, military service, pension, and newspaper records from the period. Contrary to common perceptions of veterans’ home residents as illiterate, chronically impoverished, and isolated, the study’s findings revealed that the majority of Beauvoir’s residents were literate, raised in middle-class families, and active in the Biloxi community while living at Beauvoir. Researchers have also found that Beauvoir residents were not “trapped in . . . stately prisons.” Except for the severely ill, most veterans, wives, and widows were only temporary residents of Beauvoir. Many were “honorably discharged” when family members found the means to care for them at home. Some of these residents later returned, only to leave again, while others returned and remained and Beauvoir until their deaths. The Beauvoir Veteran Project has revealed a far more fluid and active home than historians have traditionally understood Confederate soldier facilities to be. The project has also shown that Beauvoir challenges the idea that these were traditionally all-male facilities. Mississippi’s Confederate home was one of the few to welcome female residents throughout its operation, to have a woman superintendent, and to have women (<span class="caps">UDC</span> members) serving on its board of directors since the 1920s.</p> <p>In its prime, 250 men and women called Beauvoir home. The facility bustled with skits, readings, trips to veteran reunions, weddings of residents, and numerous social visits by local residents and dignitaries. As would be expected for a home with aging residents, Beauvoir also conducted a host of funerals. While some residents or their families requested that the bodies of their loved ones be sent home for burial, over 700 veterans, wives, and widows were buried at the Beauvoir Cemetery located behind the home and barracks. On February 19, 1957, the home’s last two residents, widows Mollie Lavenia Bailey of Rosedale and Mollie Cottle of Rolling Fork, were moved to another retirement home. At that time, the state of Mississippi officially closed the Jefferson Davis Soldier Home – Beauvoir and returned the control and maintenance of the property to the <span class="caps">SCV</span>.</p> <p><em>Lisa C. Foster is pursuing her master’s degree in the Department of History at the University of Southern Mississippi. Her master’s thesis analyzes Mississippi’s state and local policies for helping poor veterans and their families during and after the American Civil War.</em></p> <p><em>Susannah J. Ural, Ph.D. is professor of history at the University of Southern Mississippi and director of the Beauvoir Veteran Project.</em></p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-with-summary.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-sources-formatted--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-sources-formatted.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-sources-formatted.html.twig x field--text-long.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-field-sources-formatted field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><h3>Sources and suggested readings:</h3> <p>Foster, Lisa A. “A Sentimental Idea: The Jefferson Davis Beauvoir Memorial Soldiers’ Home, 1903-1957.” Honors Thesis, University of Southern Mississippi, 2008.</p> <p>“The Beauvoir Veteran Project,” <a href="http://beauvoirveteranproject.org/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">http://beauvoirveteranproject.org/.</a></p> <p>Flowers, Richard R. <em>The Chronicles of Beauvoir: The Last Home of Jefferson Davis, A History.</em> Baltimore: Otter Bay Books, 2009.</p> <p>Green, Elna C. “Protecting Confederate Soldiers and Mothers: Pensions, Gender, and the Welfare State in the U. S. South, a Case Study from Florida.” <em>Journal of Social History 39</em> (Summer 2006): 1079-1104.</p> <p>Marten, James. <em>Sing Not War: The Lives of Union &amp; Confederate Veterans in Gilded Age America.</em> Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.</p> <p>Mass, V. B. “Jefferson Davis Dining Hall Record,” 1919-1920. http://www.lib.usm.edu/spcol/exhibitions/itemofthemonth/iomaug08.html.</p> <p>Rosenburg, R. B. <em>Living Monuments: Confederate Soldiers’ Homes in the New South</em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.</p> <p>Thompson, James West. <em>Beauvoir: A Walk Through History.</em> Biloxi: Beauvoir Press, 2005.</p> <h3>Other Mississippi History Now articles</h3> <p><a href="/issue/sarah-anne-ellis-dorsey-a-woman-of-uncommon-mind" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey: A Woman of Uncommon Mind</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/mississippi-soldiers-in-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Mississippi Soldiers in the Civil War</a></p> <p><a href="/issue/black-confederate-pensioners-after-the-civil-war" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Black Confederate Pensioners after the Civil War</a></p> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field--text-long.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-images--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-images.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-images.html.twig * field--image.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-images field--type-image field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1072.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Beauvoir, 1936. 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V, 1-3." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1073.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Jefferson Davis at his favorite seat looking out over the Gulf of Mexico at Beauvoir. Courtesy of the Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC- USZ62-92719.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Jefferson Davis &quot;}" role="button" title="Jefferson Davis at his favorite seat looking out over the Gulf of Mexico at Beauvoir. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1076.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955.&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel in 1955. 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Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> <div class="field__item"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'colorbox_formatter' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> <a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/sites/default/files/imported-images/1077.jpg" aria-controls="colorbox" aria-label="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel&quot;}" role="button" title="Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." data-colorbox-gallery="gallery-issue-7154-DcxxJv5RR9E" class="colorbox" data-cbox-img-attrs="{&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection.&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;Interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel&quot;}"> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'image' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> <img src="/sites/default/files/imported-images/1077.jpg" width="939" height="768" alt="Interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel" title="Photograph of the interior of the Confederate Soldiers Home Chapel. Courtesy of Beauvoir – The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library, Hamill Collection." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/image.html.twig' --> </a> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'modules/contrib/colorbox/templates/colorbox-formatter.html.twig' --> </div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--field-lesson-plan--issue.html.twig * field--node--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--node--issue.html.twig * field--field-lesson-plan.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-field-lesson-plan field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"><a href="/node/7183" hreflang="en">Jefferson Davis Soldier Home - Beauvoir Lesson Plan</a></div> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap4/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> Wed, 11 Jan 2017 20:52:37 +0000 usnext 7154 at http://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov